Scientific virtual reality as a research tool in prehistoric archaeologythe case of Atxurra Cave (northern Spain)

  1. Torres, Antonio 1
  2. Medina-Alcaide, Mª Ángeles 2
  3. Intxaurbe, Iñaki 3
  4. Rivero, Olivia 4
  5. Rios-Garaizar, Joseba 5
  6. Arriolabengoa, Martin 3
  7. Ruiz-López, Juan Francisco 6
  8. Garate, Diego 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Cantabria
    info

    Universidad de Cantabria

    Santander, España

    ROR https://ror.org/046ffzj20

  2. 2 University of Bordeaux
    info

    University of Bordeaux

    Burdeos, Francia

    ROR https://ror.org/057qpr032

  3. 3 Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
    info

    Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea

    Lejona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/000xsnr85

  4. 4 Universidad de Salamanca
    info

    Universidad de Salamanca

    Salamanca, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02f40zc51

  5. 5 Bizkaiko Arkeologi Museoa
  6. 6 University of Castilla-La Mancha
Mostrar afiliaciones +
Revista:
Virtual Archaeology Review

ISSN: 1989-9947

Año de publicación: 2024

Volumen: 15

Número: 31

Páginas: 1-15

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.4995/VAR.2024.20976 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Virtual Archaeology Review

Resumen

Highlights: This study proposes the practical utility of an immersive Virtual Reality (VR) experience for the dissemination and study of Palaeolithic Rock Art. Thanks to a series of multidisciplinary studies, a virtual reconstruction of the archaeological context of an area with rock art has been achieved. The Palaeolithic lighting systems documented in Atxurra cave have been virtually recreated, allowing real-time interaction through VR. Abstract: The Upper Palaeolithic period (ca. 45000 - 12000 BP) was the time when figurative art chiefly produced by Homo sapiens emerged and developed. The Upper Palaeolithic rock art entails a multisensory experience that goes beyond depicted images observation: it includes aspects related to the cognitive development of human mind, the spatial dimensions, the type of rock surface, artificial lighting, and challenges of navigating the underground environment. Traditionally, the study of Palaeolithic art in caves has focused on paintings and illustrated subjects' graphic analysis. However, a recent shift in methodological focus has favoured a comprehensive and interdisciplinary study of rock art. This new perspective has allowed the investigation of surrounding elements that significantly influence the art and its interpretation. Combining this with new digital technologies, it is now possible to reconstruct Palaeolithic artistic creation and contemplation environments with precision, offering researchers an immersive and interactive experience through virtual reality (VR). The two documented Palaeolithic lighting systems in the sector J “Ledge of the Horses” have been virtually recreated. The lighting simulation parameters are based on those obtained from an anthracological study of the charcoal remains found in the cave and the subsequent experimental program. The study included analysing both three-dimensional (3D) models of the cave, obtained through photogrammetry and laser scanning, and the lighting systems in the graphics engine ©Unreal Engine 5; this allowed the researchers to create an interactive VR environment that faithfully reflects the current state of scientific knowledge about the cavity. Using VR is a substantial methodological advancement, regarding both knowledge transmission and the creation of more robust and coherent archaeological interpretations through sensory perception and historical empathy. This approach has been applied to the main decorated sector of the Atxurra Cave (Basque Country, Spain), a space containing dozens of engraved and painted representations, and surface archaeological material, subjected to a comprehensive multidisciplinary study.

€ Ver financiación

Información de financiación

Financiadores

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aparicio, P., & Figueiredo, C. (2017). El grado de evidencia histórico-arqueológica de las reconstrucciones virtuales: hacia una escala de representación gráfica. Revista Otarq: Otras Arqueologías, 1, 235-247. https://doi.org/10.23914/otarq.v0i1.96
  • Appia, A. (1921). L'oeuvre d'art vivant. Ginebra, Paris: Atar.
  • Appia, A. (1954). Acteur, espace, lumière, peinture, Theatre Populaire, 5, 38.
  • Arriolabengoa, M., Intxaurbe, I., Medina-Alcaide, M. A., Rivero, O., Rios-Garaizar, J., Líbano, I., Bilbao, P., Aranburu, A., Cheng, H.,
  • Lawrence, R., & Garate, D. (2020). From cave geomorphology to Palaeolithic human behaviour: Speleogenesis, palaeoenvironmental changes and archaeological insight in the Atxurra-Armiña cave (northern Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Quaternary Science, 35, 841–853. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3225
  • Baeza, U., & Cantalejo, P. (2013). Realidad virtual aplicada a la puesta en valor del arte rupestre. Cuadernos de Arte Rupestre: Revista del Centro de Interpretación de Arte Rupestre de Moratalla, 6, 150-151.
  • Banfi, F. (2020). HBIM, 3D drawing, and virtual reality for archaeological sites and ancient ruins. Virtual Archaeology Review, 11(23), 16-33. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.12416
  • Barandiaran, J. M., 1961. Excavaciones arqueológicas en Vizcaya: Silibranka, Atxurra, Goikolau. Revista de la Excelentísima Diputación de Vizcaya, 17, 199–219.
  • Barrera, S., & Baeza, U. (2010). La realidad virtual aplicada a la explotación sostenible del patrimonio arqueológico. Un caso éxito: la Cueva de Santimamiñe. Virtual Archaeology Review, 1(1), 69-72. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2010.4775
  • Bideci, M., & Bideci, C. (2023). Back in time with immersive heritage tourism experience: a study of virtual reality in archaeological sites. In B. Ferrer-Rosell, D. Massimo, & K. Berezina (Eds.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2023 (pp. 312-317). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25752-0_33
  • Bolognesi, C., & Aiello, D. (2019). The secrets of S. Maria delle Grazie: virtual fruition of an iconic Milanese architecture. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15,185-192. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-185-2019
  • Choromański, K., Łobodecki, J., Puchała, K., & Ostrowski, W. (2019). Development of Virtual Reality application for Cultural Heritage visualization from multi-source 3D data. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W9, 261-267. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W9-261-2019
  • Clottes, J. (1993). Contexte archéologique interne [Internal archaeological context]. In GRAPP (Ed.), L’Art pariétal paléolithique. Techniques et méthodés d’étude (pp. 49-58). Paris: Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques.
  • Dauvois, M., & Boutillon, X. (1990). Etudes acoustiques au Réseau Clastres: Salle des Peintures et lithophones naturels. Bulletin Société Prehistorique Ariège-Pyrénées, 45, 175-187.
  • de Beaune, S. A. (1987). Palaeolithic lamps and their specialization: a hypothesis. Current Anthropology, 28(4), 569-577.
  • de Beaune, S. (2000). Les techniques d'éclairage paléolithiques: un bilan/Paleolithic lighting technics: an overview. Paléo, Revue d'Archéologie Préhistorique, 12(1), 19-27.
  • de Beaune, S. (2018). Le proche et le lointain: La perception sensorielle en préhistoire. L’Homme, 227-228, 69-100. https://doi.org/10.4000/lhomme.32967
  • Delannoy, J. J., Sadier, B., Jaillet, S., Ployon, E., & Geneste, J. M. (2010). Reconstitution de l'entrée préhistorique de la grotte Chauvet-Pont d'Arc (Ardèche, France): les apports de l'analyse géomorphologique et de la modélisation 3D. Karstologia, 56(1), 17-34. https://doi.org/10.3406/karst.2010.2679
  • Díaz-Andreu, M., & Mattioli, T. (2019). Rock art, music, and acoustics: A global overview. In O. L. Davis Jr. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art (pp. 503-528). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190607357.013.8
  • Dobrez, L. (2016). Theoretical approaches to rock art studies. Rock Art Research: The Journal of the Australian Rock Art Research Association, 33(2), 143-166.
  • Domingo, I., May, S. K., & Smith, C. (2016). Communicating through rock art: an ethnoarchaeological perspective. In O. Buchsenschutz, C. Jeunesse, C. Mordant, & D. Vialou (Eds.), Signes et communications dans les civilisations de la parole (pp. 9-26). París: Éditions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.cths.1706
  • Douka, K., & Higham, T. (2017). The Chronological Factor in Understanding the Middle and Upper Paleolithic of Eurasia. Current Anthropology, 58, S17, S480-S490. https://doi.org/10.1086/694173
  • Egea-Vivancos, A., & Arias-Ferrer, L. (2021). Principles for the design of a history and heritage game based on the evaluation of immersive virtual reality video games. E-Learning and Digital Media, 18(4), 383-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042753020980103
  • Fazenda, B., Scarre, C., Till, R., Pasalodos, R. J., Guerra, M. R., Tejedor, C., Peredo, R. O., Watson, A., Wyatt, S., Benito, C. G., Drinkall, H., & Foulds, F. (2017). Cave acoustics in prehistory: Exploring the association of Palaeolithic visual motifs and acoustic response. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 142(3), 1332–1349. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4998721
  • Ferdani, D., Fanini, B., Piccioli, M. C., Carboni, F., & Vigliarolo, P. (2020). 3D reconstruction and validation of historical background for immersive VR applications and games: The case study of the Forum of Augustus in Rome. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 43, 129-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.12.004
  • Feruglio, F., Bourdier, C., Delluc, M., Mora, P., Aujoulat, N., & Jaubert, J. (2019). Rock art, performance and Palaeolithic cognitive systems. The example of the Grand Panel palimpsest of Cussac Cave, Dordogne, France. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 56, 101104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101104
  • Fritz, C., Tosello, G., Fleury, G., Kasarhérou, E., Walter, P., Duranthon, F., Gaillard, P., & Tardieu, J. (2021). First record of the sound produced by the oldest Upper Paleolithic seashell horn. Science Advances, 7(7), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe9510
  • Garate, D. (2007). Problemas y límites actuales en el estudio del arte parietal paleolítico: hacia un enfoque plural. Nivel Cero, 11, 47-62.
  • Garate, D. (2017). Más allá de la imagen: el arte parietal paleolítico en su contexto arqueológico. Kobie. Serie Anejo, 16, 149-162.
  • Garate, D., Rivero, O., Rios-Garaizar, J., & Intxaurbe, I. (2016). La Grotte d’Atxurra: un nouveau sanctuaire majeur du Magdalénien au Pays Basque. International Newsletter on Rock Art, 76, 1-4.
  • Garate, D., Rivero, O., Rios-Garaizar, J., Arriolabengoa, M., Medina-Alcaide, M. A., Ruiz-López, J. F., Intxaurbe, I., Salazar, S., & Libano, I. (2020). The cave of Atxurra: A new major Magdalenian rock art sanctuary in Northern Spain. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 29, 102120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102120
  • Garate, D., Rivero, O., Rios-Garaizar, J., Medina-Alcaide, M. A., Arriolabengoa, M., Intxaurbe, I., Ruiz-López, J. F., Marín-Arroyo, A. B., Rofes, J., García-Bustos, P., Torres, A., & Salazar, S. (2023). Unravelling the skills and motivations of Magdalenian artists in the depths of Atxurra Cave (Northern Spain). Scientific Reports, 13, 17340. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44520-w
  • Genuite, K., Delannoy, J. J., Bahain, J. J., Gresse, M., Jaillet, S., Philippe, A., Pons-Branchu, E., Revil, A., & Voinchet, P. (2021). Dating the landscape evolution around the Chauvet-Pont d’Arc cave. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88240-5
  • Hodgson, D. (2008). The visual dynamics of Upper Palaeolithic cave art. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 18(3), 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774308000401
  • Hoffmann, D. L., Standish, C. D., García-Diez, M., Pettitt, P. B., Milton, J. A., Zilhão, J., Alcolea-González, J. J., Cantalejo-Duarte, P., Collado, H., de Balbín, R., Lorblanchet, M., Ramos-Muñoz, J., Weniger, G.-Ch., & Pike, A. W. G. (2018). U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art. Science, 359(6378), 912–915. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap7778
  • Hoffmeister, D. (2017). Simulation of tallow lamp light within the 3D model of the Ardales Cave, Spain. Quaternary International, 430, 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.05.010
  • Hoffmeister, D., Zellmann, S., Pastoors, A., Kehl, M., Cantalejo, P., Ramos, J., Weniger, G. C., & Bareth, G. (2016). The investigation of the Ardales Cave, Spain: 3D documentation, Topographic Analyses, and Lighting Simulations based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning. Archaeological Prospection, 23, 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1519
  • Holt, B. M. (2003). Mobility in Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Europe: evidence from the lower limb. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 122(3), 200–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10256
  • Hublin, J. J., Sirakov, N., Aldeias, V., Bailey, S., Bard, E., Delvigne, V., Endarova, E., …, & Tsanova, T. (2020). Initial Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria. Nature, 581, 299–302. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2259-z
  • Iliopoulos, A., & Malafouris, L. (2014). Cognitive Archaeology. In C. Smith (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_256
  • Intxaurbe I., Garate, D., Arriolabengoa, M., & Medina-Alcaide, M. A. (2022). Application of Line of Sight and Potential Audience Analysis to Unravel the Spatial Organization of Palaeolithic Cave Art. Journal Archaeology Method Theory, 29, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-022-09552-y
  • Intxaurbe, I., Arriolabengoa, M., Garate, D., Cheng, H., & Perez-Mejías, C. (2023). Virtual reconstruction of the Palaeolithic landscape in Santimamine cave (Bizkaia, Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 52, 104219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104219
  • Intxaurbe, I., Arriolabengoa, M., Medina-Alcaide, M. A., Rivero, O., Rios-Garaizar, J., Salazar, S., Libano, I., & Garate, D. (2021). Quantifying accessibility to Palaeolithic rock art: methodological proposal for the study of human transit in Atxurra Cave (Northern Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science, 125, 105271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105271
  • Intxaurbe, I., Rivero, O., Medina-Alcaide, M. Á., Arriolabengoa, M., Rios-Garaizar, J., Salazar, S., Ruiz López, J. F., Ortega-Martínez, P., &
  • Garate, D. (2020). Hidden images in Atxurra Cave (Northern Spain): A new proposal for visibility analyses of Palaeolithic rock art in subterranean environments. Quaternary International, 566, 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.04.027
  • Jouteau, A., Feruglio, V., Lacanette, D., Carre, S., Noe, N., & Jaubert, J. (2020). Understanding the perception and appropriation of space in Palaeolithic decorated caves: New methods and tools, with the examples of Cussac and Lascaux caves. Rock Art Research: The Journal of the Australian Rock Art Research Association, 37(2), 137-154.
  • Kazhdan, M., & Hoppe, H. (2013). Screened poisson surface reconstruction. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 32(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1145/2487228.2487237
  • Kazhdan, M., Bolitho, M., & Hoppe, H. (2006). Poisson surface reconstruction. In K. Polthier. & A. Sheffer (Eds.), Proceedings of the fourth Eurographics symposium on Geometry processing (pp. 61-70). Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland: Eurographics Association.
  • Lahelma, A. (2010). Hearing and touching rock art: Finnish rock paintings and the non-visual. In I. Fuglestvedt, J. Goldhahn, & A. Jones (Eds.), Changing Pictures: Rock Art Traditions and Visions in the Northernmost Europe (pp. 48–59). Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • Lewis-Williams, D. (2002). The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art. London: Thames & Hudson.
  • Medina-Alcaide, M. A. (2019). Iluminando la Oscuridad de las Cuevas con Manifestaciones Gráficas Paleolíticas: Una Visión Integral e Interdisciplinar del Contexto Arqueológico Interno y de los Carbones de Madera. (Tesis Doctoral Internacional inédita). Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria-Gasteiz.
  • Medina-Alcaide, M. A., Garate Maidagan, D., Ruiz-Redondo, A., & Sanchidrián, J. L. (2018). Beyond Art: the internal archaeological context in Paleolithic decorated caves. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 49, 114-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2017.12.005
  • Medina-Alcaide, M. A., Garate, D., Intxaurbe, I., Sanchidrián, J. L., Rivero, O., Ferrier, C., Mesa, M. D., Pereña, J., & Líbano, I. (2021). The conquest of the dark spaces: An experimental approach to lighting systems in Paleolithic caves. PLOS ONE, 16(6), e0250497. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250497
  • Mithen, S. (1996). The Prehistory of the Mind: the Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion and Science. London: Thames & Hudson.
  • Monteith, F., Yu, C., Cai, L., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Perceived space: Demonstrating a quantified approach to illumination in archaeological sites based on Asian Buddhist cave temples 5th–8th century CE. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 14, 191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01668-2
  • Moro-Abadía, O. (2009). Thinking about “presentism” from a historian’s perspective: Herbert butterfield and hélène metzger. History of Science, 47(1), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/007327530904700104
  • Pereira, J. (2013). Gestión del Color en Proyectos de Digitalización: Fundamentos y Estrategias para la Fidelidad del Color. Barcelona: Marcombo, S. A.
  • Pettitt, P., Leluschko, S., & Sakamoto, T. (2017). Light, Human Evolution, and the Palaeolithic. In C. Papadopoulos, & H. Moyes (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198788218.001.0001
  • Porr, M. (2010). Palaeolithic art as cultural memory: a case study of the Aurignacian art of Southwest Germany. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 20(1), 87-108. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774310000065
  • Renfrew, C. (2008a). The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive Archaeology. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Renfrew, C. (2008b). Prehistory: The Making of the Human Mind. New York: Modern Library, Random House.
  • Rios-Garaizar, J., San Emeterio, A., Arriolabengoa, M., Aranbarri, J., Rofes, J., Marín-Arroyo, A. B., Rivero, O., Intxaurbe, I., Arranz-Otaegui, A., Salazar, S., Medina-Alcaide, M. A., & Garate, D. (2020). Sporadic occupation in Armiña cave (Northern Spain) during the Upper Magdalenian: What for?. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 30, 102271. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JASREP.2020.102271
  • Rios-Garaizar, J., San Emeterio, A., Larrea Robles, M., Marín-Arroyo, A. B., Agudo Pérez, L., Cubas Morera, M., & Garate Maidagan, D. (2019). La secuencia prehistórica de la cueva de Atxurra (Berriatua, Bizkaia): Evaluación de las excavaciones de J. M. Barandiarán Ayerbe (1934–1935). MUNIBE Antropología-Arkeologia, 70, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.21630/maa.2019.70.15
  • Rivero, O., Ruiz-López, J. F., Intxaurbe, I., Salazar, S., & Garate, D. (2019). On the limits of 3D capture: A new method to approach the photogrammetric recording of Palaeolithic thin incised engravings in Atxurra Cave (northern Spain). Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 14, e00106. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DAACH.2019.E00106
  • Rodríguez González, E., Casals Ausió, J. R., & Celestino Pérez, S. (2022). Application of real-time rendering technology to archaeological heritage virtual reconstruction: the example of Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz, Spain). Virtual Archaeology Review, 14(28), 38–53. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2023.17460
  • Ruiz-López, J. F. (2020). Tecnologías actuales al servicio de la documentación, estudio, conservación y divulgación del arte rupestre. In R. Viñas (coord.) Jornades Internacionals d’Art Rupestre de l’Arc Mediterrani de la Península Ibèrica XXè Aniversari de la Declaració de Patrimoni Mundial (pp.341-373). Montblanc, Tarragona: Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya.
  • Sakamoto, T., Pettitt, P., & Ontanõn-Peredo, R. (2020). Upper Palaeolithic Installation Art: Topography, Distortion, Animation and Participation in the Production and Experience of Cantabrian Cave Art. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 30, 665–668. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774320000153
  • San Martín A., & Ortega-Sánchez, D. (2020). Empatía, empatía histórica y empatía prehistórica: una aproximación conceptual desde la enseñanza de las ciencias sociales. Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales y Sociales, 38(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.7203/dces.38.15648
  • Sanchidrián, J. L., & Medina-Alcaide, M. A. (2017). La prospección arqueológica de las cuevas con arte paleolítico. Una propuesta metodológica. Kobie. Serie Anejo, 16, 27-40.
  • Till, R. (2019). Sound Archaeology: A Study of the Acoustics of Three World Heritage Sites, Spanish Prehistoric Painted Caves, Stonehenge, and Paphos Theatre. Acoustics, 1(3), 661–692. https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics1030039
  • Utrilla, P. (1994). Campamentos-base, cazaderos y santuarios. Algunos ejemplos del Paleolítico peninsular. In J.A. Lasheras, (Ed.), Homenaje al Dr Joaquín González Echegaray. Monografías, 17 (pp. 97-113). Madrid: Museo y Centro de Investigación de Altamira.
  • Utrilla, P., & Martínez-Bea, M. (2008). Sanctuaires rupestres comme marqueurs d’identité territoriale: sites d’agrégation et animaux «sacrés». Préhistoire, Art et Sociétés, 63, 109-133.
  • Wagner, R. (2013). Ópera y drama (A. F. Mayo, Trans.). Akal. (Original published in 1851).
  • Wei, Z., Zhang, J., Huang, X., & Qiu, H. (2023). Can gamification improve the virtual reality tourism experience? Analyzing the mediating role of tourism fatigue. Tourism Management, 96, 104715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104715
  • Weinzierl, S., & Lepa, S. (2017). On the Epistemic Potential of Virtual Realities for the Historical Sciences. A Methodological Framework. In J. M. Ariso (Ed.), Augmented Reality: Reflections on Its Contribution to Knowledge Formation (pp. 61-80). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110497656-004
  • Wisher, I., & Needham, A. (2023). Illuminating palaeolithic art using virtual reality: A new method for integrating dynamic firelight into interpretations of art production and use. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104102
  • Wisher, I., Pettitt, P., & Kentridge, R. (2023). The deep past in the virtual present: developing an interdisciplinary approach towards understanding the psychological foundations of Palaeolithic cave art. Scientific Reports, 13, 19009. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46320-8
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet