Policrisis y Riesgos Globales en Relaciones Internacionales: una aproximación desde la Complejidad y los Sistemas Adaptativos Complejos

  1. Leire Moure-Peñín 1
  1. 1 Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
    info

    Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea

    Lejona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/000xsnr85

Revista:
Anuario español de derecho internacional

ISSN: 2173-3775

Año de publicación: 2024

Número: 40

Páginas: 155-197

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.15581/010.40.155-197 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Anuario español de derecho internacional

Resumen

La sociedad internacional de nuestros días se enfrenta a una serie de crisis interconectadas que amenazan el orden, la estabilidad y el bienestar en múltiples niveles. El concepto de policrisis se refiere precisamente a esta realidad. Incide en una conjunción de riesgos globales que incluyen el cambio climático, las pandemias, la inestabilidad económica, los conflictos geopolíticos y los desplazamientos masivos, entre otros. Estas crisis no son fenómenos aislados, son interdependientes y ocasionan impactos que se amplifican y retroalimentan de manera impredecible, reflejando la intrincada red de causas y efectos que caracteriza a un mundo interconectado. Este estudio sostiene que una aproximación desde la lógica de la complejidad ofrece un enfoque valioso para analizar y comprender la naturaleza de la policrisis e invita a considerar la dinámica no lineal de los distintos riesgos globales, la capacidad adaptativa del sistema internacional y las interacciones entre las partes y el todo. Ello implica en última instancia abandonar las visiones teóricas reduccionistas del orden internacional ancladas en el racionalismo en Relaciones Internacionales.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Alastair, B., ≪Polycrisis? What polycrisis?≫, Engelsberg Ideas, 5 de Septiembre de 2023. https://engelsbergideas.com/notebook/polycrisis-what-polycrisis/
  • Alim, E., ≪Complexity in World Affairs and the Ways to Cope with It≫ en S. S. Erçetin, Açikalin, Ş. N. y Vajzović, E. (eds.), Chaos, Complexity and Leadership 2020, Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp. 275-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74057-3_21
  • Alter, K. J. y RAUSTIALA, K., ≪The rise of international regime complexity≫, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, vol. 14, 2018, pp. 329-349. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-030830
  • ARTHUR, W. B., Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1994. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10029
  • Axelrod, R. y Tesfatsion, L., ≪A guide for newcomers to agent-based modeling in the social sciences≫ en Tesfatsion, L. y Judd, K. L. (eds.), Handbook of Computational Economics: Agent-Based Computational Economics, North-Holland Publishing, 2006, Amsterdam, pp. 1647-1659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0021(05)02044-7
  • Axelrod, R., The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400822300
  • Axelrod, R., ≪A model of the emergence of new political actors≫ en N. GILBERT y R. CONTE (eds.), Artificial societies: the computer simulation of social life, Routledge, London, 1995, pp. 19-39.
  • Axelrod, R., The evolution of cooperation, Basic Books, New York, 1984.
  • Bauman, Z., Liquid Modernity, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2000.
  • Bertalanffy, L. von, ≪The history and status of general systems theory≫, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 15, no 4, 1972, pp. 407-426. https://doi.org/10.2307/255139
  • Bertalanffy, L. von, General system theory: Foundations, development, applications, New York, George Braziller, 1968.
  • BEST, S. y Kellner, D., The postmodern turn, New York, Guilford Press, 1997.
  • BOUSQUET, A. y CURTIS, S., ≪Beyond models and metaphors: complexity theory, systems thinking and international relations≫, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 24, no 1, 2011, pp. 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2011.558054
  • Bowles, S., Microeconomics: Behavior, Institutions, and Evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400829316
  • Brosig, M., ≪Restricted complexity: a middle path between post-modern complexity theory and positivist mainstream IR. Complex systems and international governance≫, International Studies Review, vol. 22, no 4, 2019, pp. 1008-1038. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz005
  • BYRNE, D. y CALLAGHAN, G., Complexity theory and the social sciences: The state of the art, Routledge, New York, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003213574
  • CASTELLS, M., The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, Blackwell Publishers, New York, 1996-1998.
  • Cathalifaud, M. A. y Osorio, F., ≪Introduccion a los conceptos basicos de la teoria general de sistemas≫, Cinta de Moebio, no 3, 1998, pp. 1-12.
  • Cederman, L-E., ≪Modeling the size of wars: From billiard balls to sandpiles≫, American Political science review, 2003, vol. 97, no 1, pp. 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055403000571
  • Cederman, L-E., Emergent actors in world politics: how states and nations develop and dissolve, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691218038
  • Cederman, L-E. y WEIDMANN, N. B., ≪Predicting armed conflict: Time to adjust our expectations?≫, Science, vol. 355, 2017, pp. 474-476. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4483
  • Cederman, L-E., y Girardin, L., ≪Computational approaches to conflict research from modeling and data to computational diplomacy≫, Journal of Computational Science, vol. 72, 2023, pp. 102-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2023.102112
  • CENTENO, M, Callahan, P., LARCEY, P. y PATTERSON, T., ≪Globalization as Adaptive Complexity: Learning from Failure≫ en A. IZDEBSKI et al. (eds.), Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises, Risk, Systems and Decisions, Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2022. pp. 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_6
  • Cilliers, P., ≪Complexity theory as a general framework for sustainability science≫ en M. BURNS y A. WEAVER (eds.), Exploring sustainability science. A Southern African perspective, Stellenbosch, African SUN MeDIA, 2008, pp. 39-57.
  • Cilliers, P., Complexity and postmodernism: Understanding complex systems, Routledge, London, 2002. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203012253
  • CONDORELLI, R. et al., ≪Complex systems theory: some considerations for sociology ≫, Open Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no 07, 2016, pp. 422-448. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2016.67044
  • CUDWORTH, E. y HOBDEN, S., ≪Anarchy and anarchism: towards a theory of complex international systems≫, Millennium, vol. 39, no 2, 2010, pp. 399-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829810384677
  • DERBYSHIRE, J., ≪Year in a word: Polycrisis≫, Financial Times, 1 de enero, 2023. https://www.ft.com/content/f6c4f63c-aa71-46f0-a0a7-c2a4c4a3c0f1
  • DIXSON-DECLEVE, S., DUNLOP, K., RENDA, A., CHARVERIAT, C., BALLAND, P. A., IsAKSSON, D. y HUANG, A., ≪Transformation in the poly-crisis age≫, ESIR Policy Brief, no 5, Publications Office of the European Union, 2023.
  • EPSTEIN, J. M., Generative social science: Studies in agent-based computational modeling, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2007.
  • Foucault, M., Surveiller et punir. Naissance de la prison, Gallimard, Paris, 1975.
  • GADINGER, F. y PETERS, D., ≪Feedback loops in a world of complexity: a cybernetic approach at the interface of foreign policy analysis and international relations theory≫, Cambridge review of international affairs, vol. 29, no 1, 2016, pp. 251- 269. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2013.872599
  • GELLER, A., ≪The use of complexity-based models in international relations: a technical overview and discussion of prospects and challenges≫, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 24, no 1, 2011, pp. 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2011.559191
  • Gembillo, G., ≪El metodo del metodo de Edgar Morin≫, Gazeta de Antropologia, vol. 38, no 2, 2022, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.30827/Digibug.75995
  • Gilding, P., ≪The Great Disruption Has Begun≫, 3 de septiembre, 2023. https://www.paulgilding.com/cockatoo-chronicles/the-great-disruption-has-begun
  • Gorelik, G., ≪Bogdanov's Tektologia, general systems theory, and cybernetics≫, Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal, vol. 18, no 2, 1987, pp. 157- 175. https://doi.org/10.1080/01969728708902134
  • HAAS, P. M. y WESTERN, J. ≪Governing Complexity in World Politics. Complexity ≫, Governance and Networks, vol. 6, no 1, 2020, pp. 55-67. https://doi.org/10.20377/cgn-104
  • Hanson, B. G., General systems theory: Beginning with wholes, Taylor & Francis, London, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315800783
  • HARALAMPAKI, E., ≪A Fresh Outlook on Order-Disorder Transition: The Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) Perspective≫ en F. ATTINA (ed.), World Order Transition and the Atlantic Area: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Analysis, Springer, London, 2021, pp. 67-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63038-6_4
  • HEDLUND, N. et al., ≪Introduction: On the deep need for integrative metatheory in the twenty-first century≫ en R. BHASKAR, S. ESBJORN-HARGENS, N. HEDLUND y M. HARTWIG (eds.), Metatheory for the twenty-first century, Routledge, London, 2015, pp. 1-34.
  • Heidemann, K. (ed.), Combating Crises from Below: Social responses to polycrisis in Europe, Maastricht University Press, Maastricht, 2023. https://doi.org/10.26481/mup.2301
  • Heidemann, K. ≪Introduction: Geometries of crisis and social action 'from below' ≫ en K. Heidemann (ed.), Combating Crises from Below: Social responses to polycrisis in Europe, Maastricht University Press, Maastricht, 2023, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.26481/mup.2301.00
  • HENIG, D. y KNIGHT, D. M., ≪Polycrisis: Prompts for an emerging worldview≫, Anthropology Today, vol. 39, no 2, 2023, pp. 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12793
  • Hobson, C., ≪Picking up Polycrisis: Narrating Entropy≫, 2 de noviembre 2022. https://imperfectnotes.substack.com/p/polycrisis.
  • Hobson, C., ≪Polycrisis and Metamorphosis: When Change Outpaces Comprehension ≫, 2 de septiembre, 2022. https://imperfectnotes.substack.com/p/polycrisis.
  • Hobson, C., ≪Polycrisis and Morbid Symptoms≫, 16 de diciembre 2022. https://imperfectnotes.substack.com/p/polycrisis.
  • Hobson, C., ≪Polycrisis in Autumn: Returning to Fukushima≫, 14 de November, 2022. https://imperfectnotes.substack.com/p/polycrisis.
  • Hobson, C., ≪Polycrisis: In this Valley of Dying Stars≫, 18 de Agosto, 2022. https://imperfectnotes.substack.com/p/polycrisis.
  • Hobson, C., ≪Seeing Polycrisis: Facing Fractals≫, 26 de Agosto, 2022. https://imperfectnotes.substack.com/p/polycrisis.
  • Holland, J. H., Emergence: From Chaos to Order, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198504092.001.0001
  • Holland, J. H., Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1995.
  • Holland, J. H., Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1975.
  • JACKSON, V., ≪Power, trust, and network complexity: three logics of hedging in Asian security≫, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, vol. 14, no 3, 2014, pp. 331-356. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcu005
  • Jameson, F., Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Duke University Press, Durham, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822378419
  • Janzwood, S. y PIEREDER, J., Complex systems approaches to global politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199743292-0278
  • JAYASURIYA, K., ≪Polycrisis or crises of capitalist social reproduction≫, Global Social Challenges Journal, vol. 1, 2023, pp. 1-9.
  • JERVIS, R., System effects: complexity in political and social life, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400822409
  • JOHNSON, S., Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software, Scribner, New York, 2001.
  • Juncker, J. C., ≪Speech at the Opening Plenary Session at the Ideas Lab 2018 ≪Europe - Back on Track≫ of the Centre for European Policy Studies (Brussels) ≫, European Commission Press Corner, 22 February 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_18_1121
  • Juncker, J. C., ≪Speech by President Jean-Claude Juncker at the Annual General Meeting of the Hellenic Federation of Enterprises≫, European Commission, 21 June 2016. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_16_2293
  • KAUFFMAN, S., At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.
  • KAVALSKI, E., Complexity thinking and the relational ethics of global life, Routledge, London, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315613529-3
  • KAVALSKI, E., ≪The fifth debate and the emergence of complex international relations theory: notes on the application of complexity theory to the study of international life≫, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 20, no 3, 2007, pp. 435-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570701574154
  • KISSANE, D., Beyond Anarchy: The Complex and Chaotic Dynamics of International Politics, ibid.-Verlag, Stuttgart, 2011.
  • KNYAZEVA, H., ≪The complex nonlinear thinking: Edgar Morin's demand of a reform of thinking and the contribution of synergetics≫, World Futures, vol. 60, no 5-6, 2004, pp. 389-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/02604020490471867
  • KOK, K., LOEBER, A. y GRIN, J., ≪Politics of complexity: Conceptualizing agency, power and powering in the transitional dynamics of complex adaptive systems ≫, Research Policy, vol. 50, no 3, 2021, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104183
  • KOUZEHGARI, S., SHAFAEE, M., y ASGARKHA, A. M., ≪Constraint of Newtonian Thinking in International Relations Studies≫, Contemporary Political Studies, vol. 8, no 24, 2017, pp. 73-93.
  • KUYPER, J. W., ≪Global democratization and international regime complexity≫, European Journal of International Relations, vol. 20, no 3, 2014, pp. 620-646. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066113497492
  • LAHDE, V., ≪The Polycrisis≫, Aeon, 17 de agosto de 2023. https://aeon.co/essays/the-case-for-polycrisis-as-a-keyword-of-our-interconnected-times
  • Latour, B., Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199256044.001.0001
  • Lawrence, M., Homer-Dixon, T., Janzwood, S., ROCKSTROM, J., Renn, O. y DONGES, J. F., ≪Global polycrisis: The causal mechanisms of crisis entanglement ≫, Cascade Institute Thechnical Paper, 2023, pp. 1-30. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4483556
  • Lawrence, M., Janzwood S. y Homer-Dixon, T., ≪'What Is a Global Polycrisis?' Version 2.0≫, Cascade Institute Discussion Paper, 2022. https://cascadeinstitute.org/technical-paper/what-is-a-globalpolycrisis/
  • LEHMANN, K. E., ≪Unfinished Transformation: The Three Phases of Complexity's Emergence into International Relations and Foreign Policy≫, Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 47, no 3, 2012, pp. 404-413. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836712454274
  • LEWIN, R., Complexity: Life at the edge of chaos, Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1999.
  • LI, A. et. al., ≪Challenges, tasks, and opportunities in modeling agent-based complex systems≫, Ecological Modelling, vol. 457, 2021, pp. 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109685
  • LOUTH, J., Imagining a complex world: science, order and international relations, Phd. Thesis, University of Adelaide, 2009.
  • LUHMANN, N., Social Systems, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1995.
  • Lyotard, J. F., La condition postmoderne: rapport sur le savoir, Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1979.
  • MALDONADO, C. y MEZZA-García, N., Introduciendo la complejidad en la politica y las relaciones internacionales, Universidad del Rosario, 2014.
  • MILLER, J. H. y PAGE, S. E., Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2007.
  • MITCHELL, M., Complexity: A Guided Tour, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124415.001.0001
  • Morin, E., La methode vii. La methode de la methode, Armando Siciliano, Messina, 2021.
  • Morin, E., ≪La Tierra como Patria≫, Correo de la unesco, 4 de mayo de 2019. https://courier.unesco.org/es/articles/la-tierra-como-patria
  • Morin, E., Introduccion al pensamiento complejo, Gedisa, Madrid, 2009.
  • Morin, E., ≪Restricted complexity, general complexity≫, World Scientific, 2007, pp. 5-29. https://worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812707420_0002. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812707420_0002
  • Morin, E. .Hacia el abismo?: Globalizacion en el siglo xxi, Paidos, Barcelona, 2007.
  • Morin, E., La methode 5. L'humanite de l'humanite. L'identite humaine, Seuil, Paris, 2001.
  • Morin, E., La methode 6. Ethique, Seuil, Paris, 2004.
  • Morin, E., Los siete saberes para la educacion del futuro, unesco, Paris, 1999.
  • Morin, E. y Brigitte, K. A, Terre-Patrie, Ediciones du Seuil, Paris, 1993.
  • Morin, E., La methode 4. Les idees. Leur habitat, leur vie, leurs moeurs, leur organisation, Seuil, Paris, 1986.
  • Morin, E., La methode 3. La connaissance de la connaissance, Seuil, Paris, 1986.
  • Morin, E., La methode 2. El vie del vie, Seuil, Paris, 1980.
  • Morin, E., La methode 1. La nature de la nature, Seuil, Paris, 1977.
  • MULLARKEY, J., Post-continental philosophy: An outline, Continuum International Publishing Group, London, 2006.
  • O'REGAN, M., ≪Introduction Off the Grid and on the Road in Europe Living in an Age of Uncertainty and Polycrisis≫, Anthropological Journal of European Cultures, vol. 32, no 2, 2023, pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2023.320202
  • ORSINI, A., Le PRESTE, P., HAAS, P., Brosig, M., PATTBERG, P., WIDERBERG, O., GOMEZ-MERA, L., Morin, J-F., HARRISON N., GEYER, R. y CHANDLER, D., ≪Forum: Complex Systems and International Governance≫, International Studies Review, vol. 22, no 4, 2020, pp. 1008-1038. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz005
  • OSTROM, E., Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807763
  • PAVON, J., LOPEZ-PAREDES, A. y GALAN, J. M., ≪Modelado basado en agentes para el estudio de sistemas complejos≫, Novatica, vol. 218, 2012, pp. 1-20.
  • Pipere, A. y Mārtinsone, K., ≪Shaping an Image of Science in the 21st Century: The Perspective of Metamodernism≫, Societies, vol. 13, no 12, 2023, pp. 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13120254
  • POPOLO, D., A new science of international relations: modernity, complexity and the Kosovo conflicto, Routledge, London, 2016.
  • PRIGOGINE, I., La Fin des certitudes, Paris, Odile Jacob, 1996.
  • Renn, O., ≪Systemic Risks: The New Kid on the Block≫, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, vol. 58, no 2, 2016, pp. 26-36 Renn, O., LUCAS, K., HAAS, A., y JAEGER, C., ≪Things are different today: the challenge of global systemic risks≫, Journal of Risk Research, vol., 22, no 4, 2019, pp. 401-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2017.1409252
  • Richards, D. (ed.), Political complexity: Nonlinear models of politics, The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 2000. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.16428
  • ROBERT, J., System effects: complexity in political and social life, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997.
  • RODRIGUEZ ZOYA, L. G. y Roggero, P., ≪Modelos basados en agentes: aportes epistemologicos y teoricos para la investigacion social≫, Revista Mexicana de Ciencia Politica y Sociologia, vol. 60, 2015, pp. 227-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0185-1918(15)30025-8
  • Roggero, P., ≪Les ideologues ne sont pas ceux qu'on pretend... Plaidoyer pour la ≪pensee complexe≫: Reponse a Sophie Chassat≫, Fondapol, 2023. https://publications.ut-capitole.fr/id/eprint/48353/
  • ROSENAU, J. N., Distant proximities, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691231112
  • ROSENAU, J. N., Turbulence in world politics: a theory of change and continuity, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691188522
  • Rowson, J., ≪Tasting the Pickle: Ten Flavours of Meta-Crisis and the Appetite for a New Civilisation≫, Perspectiva, 2021. https://systems-soulssociety.com/wpcontent/uploads/2021/02/Tasting-the-Pickle-TenFlavours.pdf
  • Rowson, J., ≪How to Think about the Meta-crisis without Getting too Excited≫, Emerge, 2020. https://www.whatisemerging.com/opinions/how-to-thinkabout-the-meta-crisis-without-getting-too-excited.
  • RUHL, J. B. y KATZ, D. M., ≪Harnessing the complexity of legal systems for governing global challenges≫ en V. GALAZ (ed.), Global challenges, governance, and complexity: Applications and frontiers, 2019, pp. 147-165. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788115421.00018
  • Scartozzi, C. M., ≪A New Taxonomy for International Relations: Rethinking the International System as a Complex Adaptive System≫, Journal on Policy and Complex Systems, vol. 4, no 1, 2018, pp. 109-133. https://doi.org/10.18278/jpcs.4.1.6
  • Schmidt, D. R, ≪Complexity in international society: theorizing fragmentation and linkages in primary and secondary institutions≫, Complexity, Governance & Networks, vol. 6, no 1, 2020, pp. 94-108. https://doi.org/10.20377/cgn-105
  • Seidman, S. (ed.), The postmodern turn: New perspectives on social theory, Cambridge University Press, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570940
  • SERBAN, I. D., ≪The European Union: From a complex adaptive system to a policy interpreter≫, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 59, no 2, 2021, pp. 388-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13095
  • SKYTTNER, L., General systems theory: An introduction, Macmillan Press, London, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13532-5
  • SLAUGHTER, A-M., A New World Order, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2004.
  • Susen, S., The postmodern turn in the social sciences, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137318237
  • Tooze, A., ≪Welcome to the world of the polycrisis≫, Financial Times, 28 de octubre, 2022. https://adamtooze.com/
  • TRONDAL, J. et al. (ed.), Governing complexity in times of turbulence, Edward Elgar Publishing, London, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800889651.00010
  • TURNER, J. R. y BAKER, R. M., ≪Complexity theory: An overview with potential applications for the social sciences≫, Systems, 2019, vol. 7, no 1, pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems7010004
  • UNDP, Foresight Brief: Polycrisis and Long-term Thinking, New York, 2022.
  • unesco, Edgar Morin: 100 anos de un maestro universal. https://www.unesco.org/es/articles/edgar-morin-100-anos-de-un-maestro-universal.
  • unesco, Posibles aun invisibles: Edgar Morin y el realismo de la utopia: los siete saberes y la agenda 2030, unesco, Paris, 2021.
  • unicef, Prospects for Children in the Polycrisis: A 2023 Global Outlook, New York, 2023.
  • WALDROP, M., Complexity: The emerging science at the edge of order and chaos, Penguin, London, 1994.
  • Walsh, Z., ≪The global polycrisis reflects a civilizational crisis that calls for systemic alternatives≫, Omega, 18 de junio de 2023. https://omega.ngo/2023/06/the-global-polycrisis-reflects-a-civilizational-crisis-that-calls-for-systemicalternatives/
  • Walsh, Z., Global Polycrisis as a Pathway for Economic Transition, UNDP Strategic Innovation. https://medium.com/@undp.innovation/global-polycrisis-as-apathway-for-economic-transition-8c0482bd2461
  • WINSTON, C., ≪International Norms as Emergent Properties of Complex Adaptive Systems≫, International Studies Quarterly, vol. 67, no 3, 2023, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqad063
  • WOERMANN, M., HUMAN, O. y PREISER, R., ≪General complexity: A philosophical and critical perspective≫, Emergence: Complexity and Organization, vol. 20, no 2, 2018, p. 1-18.
  • World Economic Forum, The Global Risks Perception Survey 2022-2023, Geneva, 2023.
  • World Economic Forum The Global Risks Report 2023, 18th Edition, Geneva, 2023.
  • ZEITLIN, J. y NICOLI, F. (eds.), The European Union Beyond the Polycrisis?: Integration and politicization in an age of shifting cleavages, Routledge, London, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003002215