Viruela del monouna enfermedad emergente

  1. Madariaga-Torres, Lucila 1
  2. Aitor Cobo-Cabada 1
  1. 1 Universidad del País Vasco/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología. Bizkaia. España.
Revista:
Gaceta médica de Bilbao: Revista oficial de la Academia de Ciencias Médicas de Bilbao. Información para profesionales sanitarios

ISSN: 0304-4858 2173-2302

Año de publicación: 2023

Volumen: 120

Número: 4

Páginas: 181-192

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Gaceta médica de Bilbao: Revista oficial de la Academia de Ciencias Médicas de Bilbao. Información para profesionales sanitarios

Resumen

La viruela del mono es una zoonosis causada por un poxvirus aislado por primera vez en 1958, que ha sido considerada como una forma leve de viruela. Dicha enfermedad, conocida en humanos desde 1970, es endémica en varios países de África Central y Occidental, causando en estos países brotes cada vez más frecuentes que han afectado especialmente a la República Democrática del Congo (RDC). Han ocurrido también algunos brotes fuera de África, pero hasta el año 2022 siempre en relación con viajes o con contacto con animales infectados llegados de dicho continente. Esta enfermedad está considerada una enfermedad emergente.En el año 2022 sin embargo se ha producido un extenso brote que fue controlado hacia finales de año, con miles de casos especialmente en Europa y América, y con transmisión comunitaria. La gran mayoría de los casos han afectado a hombres que han manifestado tener relacione sexuales con otros hombres, por lo que el contacto sexual en estos grupos ha sido una de las formas fundamentales de expansión del brote.La importancia de este extenso brote ha intensificado la investigación y el conocimiento de esta enfermedad, así como ha obligado a establecer herramientas para su control. Estas herramientas han sido fundamentalmente medidas destinadas a evitar el contacto estrecho persona a persona, tanto en las relaciones sexuales como en encuentros sociales y por otra parte la vacunación pre y pos exposición en personas especialmente en riesgo. Para dicha vacunación se han utilizado las vacunas de tercera generación contra la viruela sobre la base de la protección cruzada que pueden ofrecer.Esta enfermedad es uno de los principales objetivos de la estrategia One Health, que puede rentabilizar mejor la investigación y el conocimiento para establecer medidas de control, actuando en todos los determinantes posibles del surgimiento y expansión de los brotes.

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