Digital twin as a tool to travel from a-class to nzeb

Abstract

Broad development and implementation of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) can support reducing energy consumption and associated carbon emission rates drastically. This paper presents a case study carried out on La Balma which is a recently built A-class energy-rated multifamily building located in Barcelona, Spain. The analysis is performed on a dynamic building energy model using IES VE simulation software, which acts as a Descriptive Digital Twin, prior to adding operational and sensor data. This tool is used to assess potential strategies for converting a high-efficiency building into an NZEB, by means of deploying onsite energy generation from renewable sources coupled with building energy systems optimization. The building is a low embodied energy cross-laminated timber featuring six-story construction finished in 2021 under very high energy standards. The low energy demands suggest that it could be possible to achieve an annual positive balance. The discussion reflects on which services can be included in this assessment. A big share of renewable energy sources leads to a necessary shift from traditional supply control to a more flexible demand control in terms of energy production, distribution, and storage. Therefore, the energy flexibility approach is also considered in the study. This approach explores the benefits of utilizing PV generation together with energy-storing in batteries and buying electricity from the grid during low-tariff hours. All these strategies aim to become less dependent on intermittent energy generation patterns typical for renewable energy sources. Furthermore, the building’s future performance and resilience to Climate Change is analysed under the weather of Barcelona in 2050 and 2100 for the key IPCC predicted scenarios.