Los orígenes de Mūsà ibn Nuṣayr y Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād y su relación con el imperio sasánida
ISSN: 0211-3589
Argitalpen urtea: 2022
Zenbakien izenburua: El Occidente islámico medieval a la luz de la historiografía árabe oriental
Alea: 43
Zenbakia: 2
Mota: Artikulua
Beste argitalpen batzuk: Al-qantara: Revista de estudios árabes
Laburpena
In the year 711 Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād and Mūsā ibn Nuṣayr launched the conquest of al-Andalus from Ifrīqiya. The aim of this article is to find out about the origins of these two people through the study of the different accounts contained in the chronicles and the biographic dictionaries, both in the eastern and the western ones. In the case of Mūsā, the starting point is in ʿAyn al-Tamr, a city located on the right bank of the river Euphrates, where his father hailed from, and the conclusion is that his social environment was linked to the local Arab aristocracy, firstly at the service of the Sasanian administration and later, after the Islamic conquest, at the Umayyad one. Regarding Ṭāriq, the accounts suggest that the relationship of walāʾ that linked him to Mūsā was created at a moment before the appointment of Mūsā as the governor of Ifrīqiya. This evidence, together with the reports of many traditionists, inexplicably ignored by historiography, seems to dismiss the North African and Berber origin of Ṭāriq, and conversely locates it in the Sasanian geographical area.
Erreferentzia bibliografikoak
- Fuentes Anónimo: Aḫbār maǧmūʿa, Ibrāhīm al-Abyārī (ed.), El Cairo-Beirut, Dār al-Kitāb al-Miṣrī - Dār al-Kitāb al-Lubnānī, 1990.
- Anónimo, Ḏikr bilād al-Andalus li-muʿallif maǧhūl (Una descripción anónima de al-Andalus), Luis Molina (ed. y trad.), Madrid, CSIC, 1983, 2 vols.
- Anónimo, Fatḥ al-Andalus. La conquista de al-Andalus, Luis Molina (ed. y trad.), Madrid, CSIC, 1994.
- Al-Bakrī, Al-masālik wa-l-mamālik, Ǧamāl Ṭalba (ed.), Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, 2003.
- Al-Balāḏurī, Ansāb al-ašrāf, Suhayl Zakkār y Riyāḑ Ziriklī (ed.), Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1997, 13 vols.
- Al-Balāḏurī, Futūḥ al-buldān, ʿAbd al-Qādir Muḥammad ʿAlī (ed.), Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiya, 2000.
- Bell, Harold Idris, “Translations of the Greek Aphrodito Papyri in the British Museum. Part I”, Der Islam, 2 (1911), pp. 269-283.
- Al-Ḍabbī, Buġyat al-multamis fī taʾrīḫ riǧāl ahl al- Andalus, Ibrāhīm al-Abyārī (ed.), Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1989, 2 vols.
- Al-Ġassānī, Riḥlat al-wazīr fī iftikāk al-asīr (1690-1691), Nūrī al-Ǧarrāḥ (ed.), Abu Dabi, Dār al-Suwaydī wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 2002.
- Al-Ḥumaydī, Ǧaḏwat al-muqtabis fī ḏikr wulāt al-Andalus, Ibrāhīm al-Abyārī (ed.), El Cairo – Beirut, Dār al-Kitāb al-Miṣriyya – Dār al-Kitāb al-Lubnāniyya, 1979.
- Ibn al-Abbār, Al-Ḥulla al-siyarāʾ, Husain Monés (ed.), El Cairo, Dār al-Maʿārif, 1984.
- Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam, The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain Known as the Futūḥ Miṣr of ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam, Charles Cutler Torray (ed.), Piscataway, Gorgias Press, 2002 [1922].
- Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, Kitāb al-ansāb, Muḥammad Yaʿlà (ed.), “Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, autor del Kitāb al-Ansāb” en Tres textos árabes sobre beréberes en el occidente islámico, Madrid, CSIC, 1993.
- Ibn ʿAsākir, Taʾrīḫ madīnat Dimašq, ʿUmar ibn Ġarāma al-ʿArawī, (ed.), Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1996, 80 vols.
- Ibn al-Aṯīr, Al-kāmil fī l-taʾrīḫ, ʿAbd Allāh al-Qāḍī (ed.), 10 vols., Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1987.
- Ibn Baškuwal, Al-ṣīla, Ibrāhīm al-Abyārī (ed.), El Cairo - Beirut, Dār al-Kitāb al-Miṣrī - Dār al-Kitāb al- Lubnānī, 1990, 3 vols.
- Ibn Ḥabīb, Kitāb al-taʾrīḫ, Jorge Aguadé (ed.), Madrid, CSIC, 1981.
- Ibn Ḥazm, Ǧamharat ansāb al-ʿarab, Beirut, Dār al- Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1983.
- Al-Ḥimyarī, Al-rawḍ al-miʿṭār fī ḫabar al-aqṭār, Iḥsān ʿAbbās (ed.), Beirut, Maktabat Lubnān, 1984.
- Ibn ʿIḏārī, Al-bayān al-muġrib fī aḫbār al-Andalus wa-l-Maġrib, Georges Séraphin Colin y Évariste Lévi-Provençal (ed.), Beirut, Dār al-Ṯakāfa, 1983 [1948-51], 2 vols.
- Ibn Ḫaldūn, Kitāb al-ʿibār, Ḫalīl Šāḥada (ed.), Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1988, 8 vols.
- Ibn Ḫallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyan wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ ahl al-zamān, Iḥsān ʿAbbās (ed.), Beirut, Dār Ṣādr, 1970, 8 vols.
- Ibn Kardabūs, Kitāb al-iktifāʾ fī aḫbār al-ḫulafāʾ, Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Ġāmidī (ed.), Medina, Al-Ǧāmiʿa al-Islāmiya, 2008, 3 vols.
- Al-Maqqarī, Nafḥ al-ṭīb min ġuṣn al-Andalus al-raṭīb, Iḥsān ʿAbbās (ed.), Dār Ṣādr, Beirut, 1988, 8 vols.
- Al-Maqrizī, Kitāb al-mawāʿiẓ wa-l-iʿtibār bi-ḏikr al-iḫṭaṭ wa-l-aṯār, Ḫalīl al-Manṣūr (ed.), Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1998, 4 vols.
- Pseudo Ibn Qutayba, Al-imāma wa-l-siyāsa, al-maʿrūf bi-taʾrīḫ al-ḫulafā, ʿAlī Šīrī (ed.), Beirut, Dār al- Aḍwāʾ, 1990, 2 vols.
- Pseudo Ibn Qutayba, Al-Maʿārif, Ṯarwat ʿUkāša (ed.), El Cairo, Dār al-Maʿārif, 1981.
- Al-Qalqašandī, Ṣubḥ al-aʿšà, Muḥamad ʿAbd al-Rasūl Ibrāhīm (ed.), El Cairo, Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriya, 1913-22, 15 vols.
- Al-Ṭabarī, Abū Ǧaʿfar Muḥammad Ibn Ǧarīr, Taʾrīḫ al-rusul wa-l-mulūk, Muḥammad ʿAlī Bayḍūn (ed.), Taʾrīḫ al-Umām wa-l-mulūk, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiya, 2005, 6 vols.
- Al-Yaʿqūbī, Kitāb al-buldān, Michael Jan de Goeje (ed.), Kitâb al-a’lâk an-Nafîsa, auctore Abû Alî Ahmed ibn Omar Ibn Rosteh, et Kitâb Al-Boldân, auctore Ahmed ibn Jakûb ibn Wadhih al-Kâtib Al-Jakûbi, Leiden, Brill, 1892.
- Yāqūt, Muʿǧam al-buldān, s/d (ed.), Beirut, Dār Ṣādr, 1993, 5 vols.
- Bibliografía secundaria Benhima, Yassir y Guichard, Pierre, “Mūsā ibn Nuṣayr. Retour sur l’histoire et le pouvoir d’un gouverneur omeyyade en Occident musulman”, Bulletin d’études orientales, 66 (2017), pp. 97-116.
- Blankinship, Khalid Yahya, The History of al-Ṭabarī, Vol. 11: The Challenge to the Empires A.D. 633-635 / A.H. 12-13, Albany, Sunny Press, 1993.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, “Iran and the Arabs before Islam”, en Ehsan Yarshater (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3-1, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 593-612.
- Chalmeta, Pedro, Invasión e Islamización. La sumisión de Hispania y la formación de al-Andalus, Madrid, Mapfre, 1994.
- Crone, Patricia, Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002 [1987].
- Dennet, Daniel C., Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1950.
- Donner, Fred McGraw, Narratives of Islamic Origins. The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing, Princeton, The Darwin Press, 1998.
- Duri, Abd al-Aziz, The Rise of Historical Writing Among the Arabs, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1983 [1960].
- Duri, Abd al-Aziz, Early Islamic Institutions. Administration and Taxation from the Caliphate to the Umayyads and ʿAbbasids, Londres, I.B. Tauris, 2011.
- The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition, Leiden, Brill, 1960-2004.
- Fagnan, Edmond, Ibn el-Athir. Annales du Magreb et de l’Espagne, Argel, Typographie Adolphe Jourdan, 1898.
- Felipe, Helena de, Identidad y onomástica de los beréberes en Al-Andalus, Madrid, CSIC, 1997.
- Fierro, Maribel, “Mawali and muwalladun in al-Andalus (second eighth - fourth / tenth centuries)”, en Monique Bernards y John Nawas (eds.), Patronate and Patronage in Early and Classic Islam, Leiden - Boston, Brill, 2005, pp. 195-245.
- Fiey, Jean-Maurice, Assyrie chrétienne. Contribution à l’étude de l’histoire et de la géographie ecclésiastiques et monastiques du nord de l’Iraq, Beirut, Imprimerie Catholique, 1965-1968, 3 vols.
- Fisher, George, Between Empires. Arabs, Romans and Sasanias in Late Antiquity, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011.
- García Sanjuán, Alejandro, “Formas de sumisión del territorio y tratamiento de los vencidos en el derecho islámico clásico”, en Maribel Fierro y Francisco García Fitz (eds.), El cuerpo derrotado. Cómo trataban musulmanes y cristianos a los enemigos vencidos, Madrid, CSIC, 2008, pp. 61-111.
- Goody, Jack y Watt, Ian, “Las consecuencias de la cultura escrita”, en Jack Goody (ed.), Cultura escrita en sociedades tradicionales, Barcelona, Gedisa, 1996 [1968], pp. 39-82.
- Hawting, Gerald R., The First Dynasty of Islam, Nueva York, Routledge, 2000.
- Herrero, Omayra, “Tariq b. Ziyad: las distintas visiones de un conquistador beréber según las fuentes medievales”, en EOBA XVII. Biografías magrebíes. Identidades y grupos religiosos, sociales y políticos en el Magreb medieval, Madrid, CSIC, 2012, pp. 141-186.
- Hill, Donald Routledge, The Termination of Hostilities in the Early Arab Conquests (A.D. 634 - 656), Londres, Luzac & Company LTD, 1971.
- Hoyland, Robert G., Arabia and the Arabs. From the Bronze Age to the coming of Islam, Londres – Nueva York, Routledge, 2001.
- Hunter, Erica, “The Christian Matrix of al-Hira”, en Jullien Christelle (ed.), Les Controverses des Chretiens dans l’Iran Sassanide, Lovaina, Peeters, 2008, Studia Iranica. Cahier 36, pp. 41-56.
- Kaʾbi, Naser, “Report on the Excavations of Hira in 2010-2011”, Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies, 12 (2012), pp. 3-10.
- Kister, Meir Jacob, “Al-Hira. Some notes on its relations with Arabia”, Arabica, 15 (1968) pp. 143-169.
- Lecker, Michael, “Muhammad b. Ishaq sahib al-maghazi: Was His Grandfather Jewish?”, en Books and Written Culture of the Islamic World, Leiden, Brill, 2015, pp. 26-38.
- Lorenzo Jiménez, Jesús, La dawla de los Banū Qasī, Madrid, CSIC, 2010.
- Mattingly, David J., “The Laguatan: A Libyan Tribal Confederation in the Late Roman Empire”, Libyan Studies: Annual report of the Society for Libyan Studies, 14 (1983), pp. 96-108.
- McGuckin de Slane, William, Ibn Khallikan’s Biographical Dictionary, Vol. 3, Nueva York, Cosimo Classics, 2010 [1843].
- Morony, Michel G., Iraq after the Muslim Conquest, Piscataway, NJ, Gorgias Press, 2005.
- Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018, 2 vols.
- Noth, Albrecht, “Futūḥ-History and Futūḥ- Historiography”, Al-Qanṭara, 10, 2 (1989), pp. 453- 462.
- Noth, Albrecht, The Early Arabic Tradition. A source-critical Study, Princeton, The Darwin Press, 1994.
- Noth, Albrecht, “On the Relationship in the Caliphate between Central Power and the Provinces: The ‘Ṣulḥ’- ‘ʿAnwa’ Traditions for Egypt and Iraq”, en Fred McGraw Donner (ed.), The Expansion of the Early Islamic State, Nueva York, Routledge, 2008, pp. 177-188.
- Okada, Yasuyoshi, “Early Christian Architecture in the Iraqi South-Western Desert”, Al-Rāfidān, 12 (1991), pp. 71-83.
- Payne, Richard E., A State of Mixture. Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity, Oakland, University of California Press, 2015.
- Penelas, Mayte, “Some Remarks on Conversion to Islam in al-Andalus”, Al-Qanṭara, 23, 1 (2002), pp. 193-200.
- Rice, David Talbot, “The Oxford Excavations at Hira, 1931”, Antiquity, 6 (1932), pp. 276-291.
- Rice, David Talbot, “The Oxford Excavations at Ḥīra”, Ars Islamica, 1, 1 (1934), pp. 51-73.
- Robinson, Chase, Islamic Historiography, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
- Robinson, Chase, ʿAbd al-Malik, Oxford, Oneworld Publications, 2005.
- Sand, Shlomo, The Invention of the Jewish People, Londres–Nueva York, Verso, 2009.
- Ṭāḥa, ʿAbdulwāḥid Dhanūn, The Muslim Conquest and Settlement of North Africa and Spain, Londres–Nueva York, Routledge, 1989.
- Toral-Niehoff, Isabel, Al-Ḥīra. Eine arabische Kulturmetropole im spätantiken Kontext, Leiden - Boston, Brill, 2014.
- Toral-Niehoff, Isabel, “The ʿIbād of al-Ḥīra: An Arab Christian Community in Late Antique Iraq”, en Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai y Michael Marx (eds.), The Qurʾān in Context. Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qurʾānic Milieu, Leiden, Brill, 2009, pp. 323-348.
- Trimingham, J. Spencer, Christianity among the Arabs in Pre-Islamic Times, Londres–Nueva York, Longman– Librairie du Liban, 1990 [1979].
- Vine, Aubrey R., The Nestorian Churches. A Concise History of Nestorian Christianity in Asia from the Persian Schism to the Modern Assyrians, Londres, Independent Press, 1937.
- Wasserstein, David J., “Inventing tradition and constructing identity: the genealogy of ʿUmar ibn Ḥafṣūn between Christianity and Islam”, Al-Qanṭara, 23, 2 (2002), pp. 269-289.
- Webb, Peter, Imagining the Arabs. Arab Identity and the Rise of Islam, Edimburgo, Edinburgh University Press, 2016.
- Wood, Philip, The Chronicle of Seert. Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013.
- Yaʿla, Muḥammad, Tres textos árabes sobre beréberes en el occidente islámico, Madrid, CSIC, 1993.
- Yarshater, Ehsan, The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006 [1983].