Internationalization and Family FirmsThe Influence of Family Involvement on Exports

  1. Eneko Urkiola 1
  2. Alayo, Mikel 1
  1. 1 University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
Revista:
European Journal of Family Business

ISSN: 2444-8788 2444-877X

Año de publicación: 2022

Volumen: 12

Número: 2

Páginas: 173-183

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.24310/EJFBEJFB.V12I2.14567 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: European Journal of Family Business

Resumen

Las empresas familiares muestran un comportamiento particular en su internacionalización debido a los lazos afectivos que se derivan de la influencia familiar en el negocio. El deseo de alcanzar objetivos tanto empresariales como familiares determina la toma de decisiones estratégicas de los miembros familiares en el gobierno y la dirección, afectando a la estrategia de internacionalización. Esta investigación pretende determinar qué factores asociados a la familia influyen en la internacionalización de las empresas familiares. Así, utilizando una muestra de 254 pequeñas y medianas empresas familiares españolas analizamos como los factores relacionados con la familia afectan a las exportaciones. Los resultados confirman que tanto la propiedad familiar como la generación a cargo de la empresa tienen un efecto positivo en la intensidad exportadora de las empresas familiares. Sin embargo, los resultados no son concluyentes respecto a la relación entre la implicación de la familia en el consejo de administración y las exportaciones.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Alayo, M., Iturralde, T., & Maseda, A. (2022). Innovation and internationalization if family SMEs: analyzing the role of family involvement. European Journal of Innovation Management, 25(2), 454-478. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-07-2020-0302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-07-2020-0302
  • Alayo, M., Iturralde, T., Maseda, A., & Aparicio, G. (2021). Mapping family firm internationalization research: bibliometric and literature review. Review of Managerial Science, 15(6), 1517–1560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-020-00404-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-020-00404-1
  • Alayo, M., Maseda, A., Iturralde, T., & Arzubiaga, U. (2019). Internationalization and entrepreneurial orientation of family SMEs: the influence of the family character. International Business Review, 28(1), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.06.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.06.003
  • Andreu, R., Quer, D., & Rienda, L. (2020). The influence of family character on the choice of foreign market entry mode: an analysis of Spanish hotel chains. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 26(1), 40-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.12.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.12.006
  • Arosa, B., Iturralde, T., & Maseda, A. (2010). Outsiders on the board of directors and firm performance: evidence from Spanish non-listed family firms. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1(4), 236-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2010.10.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2010.10.004
  • Arregle, J. L., Chirico, F., Kano, L., Kundu, S. K., Majocchi, A., & Schulze, W. S. (2021). Family firm internationalization: past research and an agenda for the future. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(6), 1159-1198. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00425-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00425-2
  • Arregle, J. L., Duran, P., Hitt, M. A., & Van Essen, M. (2017). Why is family firms’ internationalization unique? A meta–analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(5), 801-831. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12246
  • Arregle, J. L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D. G., & Very, P. (2007). The development of organizational social capital: attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), 73–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00665.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00665.x
  • Berrone, P., Cruz, C., & Gómez-Mejía, L. R. (2012). Socioemotional wealth in family firms: theoretical dimensions, assessment approaches, and agenda for future research. Family Business Review, 25(3), 258-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486511435355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486511435355
  • Calabrò, A., Brogi, M., & Torchia, M. (2016). What does really matter in the internationalization of small and medium‐sized family businesses? Journal of Small Business Management, 54(2), 679-696. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12165
  • Calabrò, A., & Mussolino, D. (2013). How do boards of directors contribute to family SME export intensity? The role of formal and informal governance mechanisms. Journal of Management & Governance, 17(2), 363-403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-011-9180-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-011-9180-7
  • Calabrò, A., Mussolino, D., & Huse, M. (2009). The role of board of directors in the internationalisation process of small and medium sized family businesses. International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business, 3(4), 393-411. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGSB.2009.032259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGSB.2009.032259
  • Calabrò, A., Torchia, M., Pukall, T., & Mussolino, D. (2013). The influence of ownership structure and board strategic involvement on international sales: the moderating effect of family involvement. International Business Review, 22(3), 509-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2012.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2012.07.002
  • Casillas, J. C., & Moreno-Menéndez, A. M. (2017). International business & family business: potential dialogue between disciplines. European Journal of Family Business, 7(1-2), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfb.2017.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfb.2017.08.001
  • Casprini, E., Dabic, M., Kotlar, J., & Pucci, T. (2020). A bibliometric analysis of family firm internationalization research: current themes, theoretical roots, and ways forward. International Business Review, 29(5), 101715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101715 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101715
  • Cerrato, D., & Piva, M. (2012). The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises: the effect of family management, human capital and foreign ownership. Journal of Management & Governance, 16(4), 617–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-010-9166-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-010-9166-x
  • Cesinger, B., Hughes, M., Mensching, H., Bouncken, R., Fredrich, V., & Kraus, S. (2016). A socioemotional wealth perspective on how collaboration intensity, trust, and international market knowledge affect family firms’ multinationality. Journal of World Business, 51(4), 586-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2016.02.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2016.02.004
  • Chen, H. L., & Hsu, W. T. (2009). Family ownership, board independence and R&D investment. Family Business Review, 22(4), 347-362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486509341062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486509341062
  • Chen, H. L., Hsu, W. T., & Chang, C. Y. (2014). Family ownership, institutional ownership, and internationalization of SMEs. Journal of Family Business Management, 52(4), 771-789. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12031
  • Chirico, F., & Salvato, C. (2016). Knowledge internalization and product development in family firms: when relational and affective factors matter. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(1), 201-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12114
  • Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & De Massis, A. (2015). A closer look at socioemotional wealth: its flows, stocks, and prospects for moving forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12155
  • Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the family business by behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(4), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879902300402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879902300402
  • Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., Steier, L. P., & Rau, S. B. (2012). Sources of heterogeneity in family firms: an introduction. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(6), 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00540.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00540.x
  • Claver, E., Rienda, L., & Quer, D. (2009). Family firms’ international commitment: the influence of family-related factors. Family Business Review, 22(2), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486508330054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486508330054
  • Cruz, C., & Nordqvist, M. (2012). Entrepreneurial orientation in family firms: a generational perspective. Small Business Economics, 38(1), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-010-9265-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-010-9265-8
  • Daspit, J. J., Chrisman, J. J., Ashton, T., & Evangelopoulos, N. (2021). Family firm heterogeneity: a definition, common themes, scholarly progress, and directions forward. Family Business Review, 34(3), 296-322. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944865211008350 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/08944865211008350
  • De Massis, A., Frattini, F., Majocchi, A., & Piscitello, L. (2018). Family firms in the global economy: toward a deeper understanding of internationalization determinants, processes, and outcomes. Global Strategy Journal, 8(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1199
  • Debellis, F., Rondi, E., Plakoyiannaki, E., & De Massis, A. (2021). Riding the waves of family firm internationalization: a systematic literature review, integrative framework, and research agenda. Journal of World Business, 56(1), 101144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2020.101144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2020.101144
  • Distelberg, B., & Sorenson, R. L. (2009). Updating systems concepts in family businesses: a focus on values, resource flows, and adaptability. Family Business Review, 22(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486508329115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486508329115
  • Donaldson, L., & Davis, J. H. (1991). Stewardship theory or agency theory: CEO governance and shareholder returns. Australian Journal of Management, 16(1), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/031289629101600103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/031289629101600103
  • Dyer, W. G. (2021). My forty years in studying and helping family businesses. European Journal of Family Business, 11(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.24310/ejfbejfb.v11i1.12768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24310/ejfbejfb.v11i1.12768
  • Dyer, W. G., & Whetten, D. A. (2006). Family firms and social responsibility: Preliminary evidence from the S&P 500. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(6), 785–802. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00151.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00151.x
  • Eddleston, K. A., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2007). Destructive and productive family relationships: a stewardship theory perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 545-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.06.004
  • Fang, H., Kotlar, J., Memili, E., Chrisman, J. J., & De Massis, A. (2018). The pursuit of international opportunities in family firms: generational differences and the role of knowledge‐based resources. Global Strategy Journal, 8(1), 136-157. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1197
  • Fernández, Z., & Nieto, M. J. (2005). Internationalization strategy of small and medium-sized family businesses: some influential factors, Family Business Review, 8(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2005.00031.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2005.00031.x
  • Fernández, Z., & Nieto, M. J. (2006). Impact of ownership on the international involvement of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3), 340-351. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400196
  • Gallo, M. A. (2004). Tipologías de las empresas familiares. Revista Empresa y Humanismo, 7(2), 241-258. https://doi.org/10.15581/015.7.33340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15581/015.7.33340
  • Gómez–Mejía, L. R., Campbell, J. T., Martin, G., Hoskisson, R. E., Makri, M., & Sirmon, D. G. (2014). Socioemotional wealth as a mixed gamble: revisiting family firm R&D investments with the behavioral agency model. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(6), 1351-1374. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12083
  • Gómez-Mejía, L. R., Cruz, C., Berrone, P., & De Castro, J. (2011). The bind that ties: socioemotional wealth preservation in family firms. The Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 653-707. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2011.593320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.593320
  • Gómez-Mejía, L. R., Haynes, K. T., Núñez-Nickel, M., Jacobson, K. J., & Moyano-Fuentes, J. (2007). Socioemotional wealth and business risks in family-controlled firms: evidence from Spanish olive oil mills. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(1), 106-137. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.52.1.106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.52.1.106
  • Gómez‐Mejía, L. R., Makri, M., & Larraza Kintana, M. (2010). Diversification decisions in family‐controlled firm. Journal of Management Studies, 47(2), 223-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00889.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00889.x
  • Graves, C., & Thomas, J. (2008). Determinants of the internationalization pathways of family firms: an examination of family influence. Family Business Review, 21(2), 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2008.00119.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2008.00119.x
  • Habbershon, T. G., & Williams M. L. (1999). A resource-based framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms. Family Business Review, 12(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1999.00001.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1999.00001.x
  • Hennart, J. F., Majocchi, A., & Forlani, E. (2019). The myth of the stay-at-home family firm: how family-managed SMEs can overcome their internationalization limitations. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(5), 758–782. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0091-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0091-y
  • Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm: a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676
  • Johanson, J., & Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1975). The internationalization of the firm: four Swedish cases. Journal of Management Studies, 12(3), 305-323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1975.tb00514.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1975.tb00514.x
  • Kano, L., & Verbeke, A. (2018). Family firm internationalization: heritage assets and the impact of bifurcation bias. Global Strategy Journal, 8(1), 158–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1186
  • Kellermanns, F. W., Eddleston, K. A., Barnett, T., & Pearson, A. (2008). An exploratory study of family member characteristics and involvement: effects on entrepreneurial behavior in the family firm. Family Business Review, 21(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2007.00107.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2007.00107.x
  • Kontinen, T., & Ojala, A. (2010). The internationalization of family businesses: a review of extant research. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1(2), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2010.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2010.04.001
  • Kontinen, T., & Ojala, A. (2011). International opportunity recognition among small and medium‐sized family firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(3), 490-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2011.00326.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2011.00326.x
  • Kuo, A., Kao, M., Chang, Y., & Chiu, C. (2012). The influence of international experience on entry mode choice: difference between family and non-family firms. European Management Journal, 30(3), 248-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2012.03.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2012.03.008
  • Lahiri, S., Mukherjee, D., & Peng, M. W. (2020). Behind the internationalization of family SMEs: a strategy tripod synthesis. Global Strategy Journal, 10(4), 813-838. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1376 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1376
  • Le Breton-Miller, I., Miller, D., & Lester, R. H. (2011). Stewardship or agency? A social embeddedness reconciliation of conduct and performance in public family businesses. Organization Science, 22(3), 704-721. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0541 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0541
  • Lin, W. (2012). Family ownership and internationalization processes: internationalization pace, internationalization scope, and internationalization rhythm. European Management Journal, 30(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2011.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2011.10.003
  • Majocchi, A., D’Angelo, A., Forlani, E., & Buck, T. (2018). Bifurcation bias and exporting: can foreign work experience be an answer? Insight from European family SMEs. Journal of World Business, 53(2), 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.11.005
  • Merino, F., Monreal‐Pérez, J., & Sánchez‐Marín, G. (2015). Family SMEs' internationalization: disentangling the influence of familiness on Spanish firms' export activity. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(4), 1164-1184. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12111
  • Miller, D., & Le Breton‐Miller, I. (2006). Family governance and firm performance: agency, stewardship, and capabilities. Family Business Review, 19(1), 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2006.00063.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2006.00063.x
  • Miller, D., Le Breton-Miller, I., & Scholnick, B. (2008). Stewardship vs. stagnation: an empirical comparison of small family and non-family businesses. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1), 51–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00718.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00718.x
  • Miller, D., Wright, M., Le Breton-Miller, I., & Scholes, L. (2015). Resources and innovation in family businesses: the Janus-face of socioemotional preferences. California Management Review, 58(1), 20-40. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2015.58.1.20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2015.58.1.20
  • Minetti, R., Murro, P., & Zhu, S. C. (2015). Family firms, corporate governance and export. Economica, 82(S1), 1177-1216. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12156
  • Mitter, C., Duller, C., Feldbauer-Durstmüller, B., & Kraus, S. (2014). Internationalization of family firms: the effect of ownership and governance. Review of Managerial Science, 8(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-012-0093-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-012-0093-x
  • Morck, R., & Yeung, B. (2003). Agency problems in large family business group. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4), 367-382. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.t01-1-00015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.t01-1-00015
  • Moreno-Menéndez, A.M., Castiglioni, M., & Cobeña-Ruiz-Lopera, M. M. (2021). The influence of socio-emotional wealth on the speed of the export development process in family and non-family firms. European Journal of Family Business, 11(2), 10-25. https://doi.org/10.24310/ejfbejfb.v11i2.10782 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24310/ejfbejfb.v11i2.10782
  • Pongelli, C., Caroli, M.G., & Cucculelli, M. (2016). Family business going abroad: the effect of family ownership on foreign market entry mode decisions. Small Business Economics, 47(3), 787-801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9763-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9763-4
  • Pukall, T. J., & Calabrò, A. (2014). The internationalization of family firms: a critical review and integrative model. Family Business Review, 27(2), 103-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486513491423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486513491423
  • Rienda, L., & Andreu, R. (2021). The role of family firms’ heterogeneity on the internationalization and performance relationship. European Journal of Family Business, 11(2), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.24310/ejfbejfb.v11i2.10591 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24310/ejfbejfb.v11i2.10591
  • Sánchez-Marín, G., Pemartín, M., & Monreal-Pérez, J. (2020). The influence of family involvement and generational stage on learning-by-exporting among family firms. Review of Managerial Science, 14(1), 311-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-019-00350-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-019-00350-7
  • Sciascia, S., Mazzola, P., Astrachan, J. H., & Pieper, T. M. (2012). The role of family ownership in international entrepreneurship: exploring nonlinear effects. Small Business Economics, 38(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-010-9264-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-010-9264-9
  • Sciascia, S., Mazzola, P., Astrachan, J. H., & Pieper, T. M. (2013). Family involvement in the board of directors: effects on sales internationalization. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(1), 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2012.00373.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2012.00373.x
  • Sciascia, S., Mazzola, P., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2014). Family management and profitability in private family-owned firms: introducing generational stage and the socioemotional wealth perspective. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(2), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2014.03.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2014.03.001
  • Segaro, E. (2012). Internationalization of family SMEs: the impact of ownership, governance, and top management team. Journal of Management & Governance, 16(1), 147-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-010-9145-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-010-9145-2
  • Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., & Chua, J. H. (2012). A review and annotated bibliography of family business studies. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Sirmon, D. G., & Hitt, M. A. (2003). Managing resources: linking unique resources, management, and wealth creation in family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4), 339-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.t01-1-00013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.t01-1-00013
  • Spanish Family Business Institute (2022). Radiografía de la empresa familiar. Retrieved from: https://www.iefamiliar.com/la-empresa-familiar/cifras/radiografia/
  • Stieg, P., Hiebl, M., Kraus, S., Schüssler, F., & Sattler, S. (2017). Born-again globals: generational change and family business internationalisation. European Journal of International Management, 11(5), 581-605. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2017.086693 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2017.086693
  • Yang, X., Li, J., Stanley, L. J., Kellermanns, F. W., & Li, X. (2020). How family firm characteristics affect internationalization of Chinese family SMEs. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 37(2), 417-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-018-9579-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-018-9579-7
  • Zahra, S. A. (2003). International expansion of US manufacturing family businesses: the effect of ownership and involvement. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4), 495-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00057-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00057-0