Miedo al delito experimentado por las mujeresrelevancia de una perspectiva centrada en el contexto

  1. Jauregui, Carlota 1
  2. Vozmediano, Laura 1
  1. 1 University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
Journal:
International e-journal of criminal sciences

ISSN: 1988-7949

Year of publication: 2021

Issue: 16

Type: Article

More publications in: International e-journal of criminal sciences

Abstract

'Fear of crime' has negative consequences at both individual and community level: even in reasonably safe societies this fear affects mobility and the free use of public spaces, among other impacts; and specifically, women restrict their freedom of mobility due to self-protection. Despite the broad literature studying fear of crime, it has been difficult to deeply understand these fears as context-dependent experiences, as well as to identify in which places and situations fear is triggered. In the last few years new TIC tools allow researchers to collect geolocated information and details related to place and situation. In this work, we state the relevance of better understand the fear of crime experienced by women, being able to establish which setting and moments cause fear and why it happens, and we draw a research line whose aim will be to prevent fear and help designing public spaces where women can feel free, safe and make decisions not restricted by fear of crime.

Bibliographic References

  • Bazargan, M. (2015). The effects of health, environmental, and socio-psychological variables on fear of crime and its consequences among urban black elderly individuals. doi: 10.2190/fhqy-5t3l-gadm-pud0
  • Pérez, A. B., & Cabrera, M. J. C. (2021). Miedo al delito y vulnerabilidad entre la población andaluza: datos del Estudio PACIS 2019. Boletín criminológico, 28(212), 1-20.
  • Blöbaum, A., & Hunecke, M. (2005). Perceived danger in urban public space. Environment and Behavior, 37(4), 465-486. doi:10.1177/0013916504269643
  • Braungart, M. M., Braungart, R. G., & Hoyer, W. J. (1980). Age, sex, and social factors in fear of crime. Sociological Focus, 13(1), 55- 66.doi:10.1080/00380237.1980.10570360
  • Buil-Gil, D. (2016a). Introducción al estudio del miedo al delito: Principios teóricos. Archivos De Criminología, Seguridad Privada Y Criminalística, 17, 42- 55.
  • Buil-Gil, D. (2016b). InseguridApp: Estudio piloto de los patrones de distribución espacio-temporal de los enclaves del miedo (al crimen) en Elche a partir de una nueva aplicación móvil [Tesis de Máster no publicada]. Universidad Miguel Hernández.
  • Carcach, C., Frampton, P., Thomas, K., & Cranich, M. (1995). Explaining fear of crime in Queensland. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 11(3), 271-287. doi:10.1007/BF02221140
  • Carro, D., Valera, S., & Vidal, T. (2010). Perceived insecurity in the public space: personal, social and environmental variables. Quality & Quantity, 44(2), 303-314.
  • Chappell, A. T., Monk‐Turner, E., & Payne, B. K. (2011). Broken windows or window breakers: The influence of physical and social disorder on quality of life. Justice Quarterly, 28(3), 522-540.
  • Clarke, R. V. (1980). Situational crime prevention: Theory and practice. British Journal of Criminology, 20, 136-147.
  • Cops D., & Pleysier, S. (2011). 'Doing Gender' in Fear of Crime: The impact of gender identity on reported levels of fear of crime in adolescents and young adults. The British Journal of Criminology, 51(1), 58-74. doi:10.1093/bjc/azq065
  • Cozens, P. M., Saville, G., & Hillier, D. (2005). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): A review and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23(5), 328-356. doi:10.1108/02637470510631483
  • Darke, J. (1998). La ciudad modelada por el varón. En C. Booth, L. Darke, y S. Yeandle (Eds.), La vida de las mujeres en las ciudades: la ciudad, un espacio para el cambio (pp. 116-130). Narcea Ediciones.
  • De Welde, K. (2003). White women beware!: Whiteness, fear of crime, and selfdefense. Race, Gender & Class, 10(4), 75-91.
  • Dolan, P., & Peasgood, T. (2007). Estimating the economic and social costs of the fear of crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 47(1), 121-132. doi:10.1093/bjc/azl015
  • Doran, B. J., & Burgess, M. B. (2012). Putting fear of crime on the map. Nueva York: Springer.
  • Fernández Baltasar, R. (1995). Lugares peligrosos, psicología ambiental y miedo a delito. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
  • Ferraro, K. F. (1996). Women's fear of victimization: Shadow of sexual assault. Social Forces, 75(2), 667-690. doi: 10.1093/sf/75.2.667
  • Fisher, B. y Nasar, J.L. (1992). Fear of crime in relation to three exterior site features: Prospect, refuge and escape. Environment and Behavior, 24, 35-65.
  • Fox, K. A., Nobles, M. R., & Piquero, A. R. (2009). Gender, crime victimization and fear of crime. Security Journal, 22(1), 24-39. doi:10.1057/sj.2008.13
  • Franklin, T., Franklin, C., y Fearn, N. (2008). A multilevel analysis of the vulnerability, disorder, and social integration models of fear of crime. Social Justice Research, 21, 204-227.
  • Garofalo, J. (1981). The fear of crime: Causes and consequences. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 72, 839-857.
  • Gladstone, G., & Parker, G. (2003). Whats the use of worrying? its function and its dysfunction. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37(3), 347-354. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01187.x
  • Glas, I., Engbersen, G., & Snel, E. (2019). Going spatial: Applying egohoods to fear of crime research. The British Journal of Criminology: An International Review of Crime and Society, 59(6), 1411-1431. doi:10.1093/bjc/azz003
  • Goodey, J. (1997). Boys don't cry masculinities, fear of crime and fearlessness. British Journal of Criminology, 37, 401–418. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014177.
  • Gray, E., Grasso, M., Farrall, S., Jennings, W., & Hay, C. (2019). Political socialization, worry about crime and antisocial behaviour: An analysis of age, period and cohort effects. The British Journal of Criminology, 59(2), 435-460. doi:10.1093/bjc/azy024
  • Gray, E., Jackson, J. & Farral, S. (2011). Feelings and functions in the fear of crime: Applying a new approach to victimisation insecurity. The British Journal of Criminology, 51(1), 75-94. doi:10.1093/bjc/azq066
  • Grohe, B. (2011). Measuring residents' perceptions of defensible space compared to incidence of crime. Risk Management, 13(1/2), 43-61. doi:10.1057/rm.2011.1
  • Hale, C. (1996). Fear of crime: A review of the literature. International Review of Victimology, 4, 79 –150. doi:10.1177 /026975809600400201.
  • Hauser, W., & Kleck, G. (2013). Guns and fear: A one-way street? Crime & Delinquency, 59(2), 271-291. doi:10.1177/0011128712462307
  • Jackson, J., & Gray, E. (2010). Functional fear and public insecurities about crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 50(1), 1-22. doi:10.1093/bjc/azp059
  • Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great american cities. New York: Random House.
  • Johnson, D. (2009). Anger about crime and support for punitive criminal justice policies. Punishment & Society-International Journal of Penology, 11(1), 51-66. doi:10.1177/1462474508098132
  • Killias, M. (1990). Vulnerability: Towards a better understanding of a key variable in the genesis of fear of crime. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 97-108. doi:10.1891/0886- 6708.5.2.97
  • Kleck, G., Kovandzic, T., Saber, M., & Hauser, W. (2011). The effect of perceived risk and victimization on plans to purchase a gun for self-protection. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(4), 312-319. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.03.002
  • Koskela, H., & Pain, R. (2000). Revisiting fear and place: Women's fear of attack and the built environment. Geoforum, 31(2), 269-280. doi:10.1016/S0016- 7185(99)00033-0
  • Lorenc, T., Petticrew, M., Whitehead, M., Neary, D., Clayton, S., Wright, K., . . . Renton, A. (2013). Fear of crime and the environment: Systematic review of UK qualitative evidence. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 496. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13- 496
  • May, D. C., Rader, N. E., & Goodrum, S. (2010). A gendered assessment of the ‘‘Threat of victimization’’: Examining gender differences in fear of crime, perceived risk, avoidance, and defensive behaviors. Criminal Justice Review, 35(2), 159-182. doi:10.1177/0734016809349166
  • Mesch, G.S. (2000). Women's fear of crime: The role of fear for the wellbeing of significant others. Violence and Victims, 15, 323-336.
  • Morrell, H. (1998). Seguridad de las mujeres en la ciudad. En C. Booth, J. Darke & S. Yeandle (Eds.), La vida de las mujeres en las ciudades. la ciudad, un espacio para el cambio (pp. 131-143). Madrid: Narcea S.A.
  • Nasar, J. L., & Fisher, B. (1993). Hot spots of fear of crime: A multi-method investigation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 187-206.
  • Noon, M., Beaudry, J., Schier, M., & Knowles, A. (2019). Eyes wide open: Exploring men’s and women’s self-reported and physiological reactions to threat and crime. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 15(2), 151-178. doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09353-6
  • Painter, K. (1996). The influence of street lighting improvements on crime, fear and pedestrian street use, after dark. Landscape and Urban Planning, 35(2), 193-201. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(96)00311-8
  • Pyszczek, O. L. (2012). Los espacios subjetivos del miedo: construcción de la estigmatización espacial en relación con la inseguridad delictiva urbana. Cuadernos de Geografía, 21(1), 41-54.
  • Rodríguez, J. A., & Quinde, M. (2016). Miedo al delito y medios de comunicación tradicionales: Un estudio exploratorio con universitarios venezolanos. Espacio Abierto, 25(2), 145-165.
  • San Juan, C. y Vozmediano, L. (2009). Democratización del espacio urbano y percepción de seguridad: una propuesta de análisis. En L.R. Ruiz (Ed.): Respuestas internacionales a los retos de la seguridad (pp.273-280). Valencia: Tirant Lo Blach.
  • San Juan, C., Vozmediano, L., & Vergara, A. (2010). Conductas de protección personal frente al delito en medio urbano: Diagnóstico a través de encuesta y sistemas de información geográfica. Psyecology, 1(2), 187-196. doi:10.1174/217119710791175588
  • San-Juan, C., Vozmediano, L., & Vergara, A. I. (2012). Self-protective behaviours against crime in urban settings: An empirical approach to vulnerability and victimization models. European Journal of Criminology, 9, 652-677. doi:10.1177/1477370812454369.
  • Scarborough, B. K., Like-Haislip, T. Z., Novak, K. J., Lucas, W. L., & Alarid, L. F. (2010). Assessing the relationship between individual characteristics, neighborhood context, and fear of crime. Journal of criminal justice, 38(4), 819- 826.
  • Sidebottom, A., & Wortley, R. (2016). Environmental criminology. En A.R. Piquero (Ed.), The handbook of criminological theory (pp. 156-181). Wiley & Sons.
  • Skogan, W. G. (1987). The impact of victimization on fear. Crime & Delinquency, 33(1), 135-154.
  • Solymosi, R., Bowers, K., & Fujiyama, T. (2015). Mapping fear of crime as a contextdependent everyday experience that varies in space and time. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 20 doi:10.1111/lcrp.12076
  • Solymosi, R., Buil-Gil, D., Vozmediano, L., & Guedes, I. (2019). A place-based approach to fear of crime: A systematic review of app-based and crowdsourced measures. doi:10.31235/osf.io/h3n9w
  • Sreetheran, M., & van den Bosch, Cecil C. Konijnendijk. (2014). A socio-ecological exploration of fear of crime in urban green spaces – A systematic review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13(1), 1-18. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2013.11.006
  • Stafford, M. C., & Galle, O. R. (1984). Victimization rates, exposure to risk, and fear of crime. Criminology, 22(2), 173-185. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1984.tb00295.x
  • Subiza-Pérez, M., & Vozmediano, L. (2015). A propósito de la caminabilidad: reflexiones sobre su utilidad en las investigaciones criminológicas. International E-Journal of Criminal Sciences, 9, 1-21.
  • Swatt, M. L., Varano, S. P., Uchida, C. D., & Solomon, S. E. (2013). Fear of crime, incivilities, and collective efficacy in four Miami neighborhoods. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(1), 1-11.
  • Tandogan, O., & Ilhan, B. S. (2016). Fear of crime in public spaces: From the view of women living in cities. Procedia Engineering, 161, 2011-2018. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.795
  • Taylor, J., Eitle, D., & Russell, D. (2009). Racial/ethnic variation in the relationship between physical limitation and fear of crime: An examination of mediating and moderating factors. Deviant Behavior, 30(2), 144-174. doi:10.1080/01639620802050213
  • Taylor, R. B., & Covington, J. (1993). Community structural change and fear of crime. Social Problems, 40(3), 374-397. doi:10.2307/3096886
  • Vozmediano, L. (2010). Miedo al delito y sostenibilidad urbana: Análisis ecológico, propuestas de medición y transferencia de resultados. Tesis doctoral no publicada. Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián.
  • Vozmediano, L., Azanza, M., & Villamañe, M. (2017). Desarrollando y probando una app para analizar la influencia de la seguridad percibida en la movilidad a pie: un trabajo multidisciplinar con profesorado y alumnado de Psicología e Ingeniería. En Comunicaciones de las Jornadas “La educación, base para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, Grupo 4 Paz y participación” (p. 13). Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU.
  • Vozmediano, L., & San Juan, C. (2010). Criminología ambiental. Ecología del delito y de la seguridad. Barcelona: Editorial UOC.
  • Vozmediano, L., San-Juan, C., Vergara, A., & Alonso-Alberca, N. (2017). “Watch out, sweetie”: The impact of gender and offence type on parents’ altruistic fear of crime. Sex Roles, 77(9), 676-686. doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0758-7
  • Wilson-Doenges, G. (2000). An exploration of sense of community and fear of crime in gated communities. Environment and Behavior, 32(5), 597-611. doi:10.1177/00139160021972694