The role of school mediation in the development of digital skills among Spanish minors

  1. Maialen Garmendia 1
  2. Inaki Karrera Xuarros 1
  3. Nekane Larrañaga 1
  4. Carmelo Garitaonandia 1
  1. 1 Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea
Journal:
El profesional de la información

ISSN: 1386-6710 1699-2407

Year of publication: 2021

Issue Title: Democracia / Democracy

Volume: 30

Issue: 6

Type: Article

DOI: 10.3145/EPI.2021.NOV.15 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: El profesional de la información

Abstract

Given the growing importance of digital literacy in children’s education, this article analyzes the role of school mediation in the development of digital competences among Spanish minors. Based on the results obtained from a survey of 2,900 Spanish schoolchildren between the ages of 9 and 17 years conducted at the end of 2018, we explore their attachment to their school, the digital mediation they receive at the center, and their digital competences. The data show that they have a positive feeling of belonging to their school. The most widespread competences among minors are precisely those most related to the playful use of digital devices. Analysis of the association between school mediation and the acquisition of various types of digital skills shows that mediation is effective in the acquisition of most competences among pre-adolescents, confirming the need for early school mediation. There is no doubt that media and digital education contributes to the achievement of more inclusive environments. Educational policies oriented toward safer use of the Internet and a change in the pedagogical paradigm in primary and secondary education should contribute to enhanced development of digital skills during childhood and adolescence.

Funding information

Este artículo es un resultado de un proyecto financiado por el Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital de España (Mineco) [CSO2017-88431-R]; por el Instituto Nacional de Ciberseguridad (Incibe) de España, y por la Innovation and Networks Executive Agency (INEA) de la Comisión Europea [INEA/CEF/ICT/A2018/163442].

Funders

Bibliographic References

  • Aesaert, Koen; Voogt, Joke; Kuiper, Els; Van-Braak, Johan (2017). “Accuracy and bias of ICT self-efficacy: An empirical study into students’ over-and underestimation of their ICT competences”. Computers in human behavior, v. 75, pp. 92-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.010
  • Aguaded, Ignacio (2011). “Media education: An international unstoppable phenomenon. The work of the UN, Europe and Spain in the field of edu-communication”. Comunicar, n. 37, pp. 7-8. https://doi.org/10.3916/C37-2011-01-01
  • Aparici, Roberto; Campuzano, Antonio; Ferrés, Joan; García-Matilla, Agustín (2010). La educación mediática en la escuela 2.0. http://antoniocampuzano.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/La-Educaci%C3%B3n-Medi%C3%A1tica-en-la-Escuela-2.0.pdf
  • Berger, Priscila (2020). “Teachers’ mediation practice: Opportunities and risks for youth media behavior”. Comunicar, n. 64, pp. 49-59. https://doi.org/10.3916/C64-2020-05
  • Busquet-Durán, Jordi; Ballano-Macías, Sonia; Medina-Cambrón, Alfons; Sastre-Freixa, Xavi R.; Esteban, Adrià (2018) “La encrucijada de la educación en la era digital. El reto de las TIC en las escuelas. En: Jiménez-Iglesias, Estefanía; Garmendia, Maialen; Casado, Miguel A. (coords.). Entre selfies y whatsapps. Oportunidades y riesgos para la infancia y la adolescencia conectada. Barcelona: Gedisa. ISBN: 978 84 16919871 https://clea.edu.mx/biblioteca/files/original/369cf669df5444c8747192ef7c177d10.pdf
  • Busquet-Durán, Jordi; Ballano-Macías, Sonia; Medina-Cambrón, Alfons; Uribe-Sandoval, Ana-Cinthya (2012). “La dinámica de la brecha digital entre jóvenes, padres y profesores en España”. En: García-Jiménez, Antonio. Comunicación, infancia y juventud. Barcelona: UOC, pp. 39-55. ISBN: 978 84 90290248 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272481531_La_dinamica_de_la_Brecha_digital_entre_Jovenes_Padres_y_Profesores_en_Espana
  • Cánovas, Guillermo; García-de-Pablo, Alicia; Oliaga-San-Atilano, Ana; Aboy-Ferrer, Isabel (2014). Menores de edad y conectividad móvil en España: tablets y smartphones. Asociación Protégeles. https://kidsandteensonline.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/estudio_movil_smartphones_tablets_protegeles.pdf
  • Cole, Hayley A.; Peterson, Sarah J.; Smith, Gregory T. (2018). “Elementary and middle school predictors of high school drinking problems and maladaptive coping”. Addictive behaviors, v. 87, pp. 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.07.010
  • Cronin-Lampe, Kath; Cronin-Lampe, Ron (2010). “Developing a restorative school culture: The blending of a personal and professional ‘pilgrimage’”. Explorations: An e-journal of narrative practice, n. 1, pp. 14-33. https://www.pilgrimpractices.co.nz/explorations.pdf
  • Díaz-Aguado, María-José; Martín-Babarro, Javier; Falcón, Laia (2018). “Problematic internet use, maladaptive future time perspective and school context”. Psicothema, v. 30, n. 2, pp. 195-200. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2017.282
  • Garitaonandia, Carmelo; Karrera, Inaki; Jiménez-Iglesias, Estefanía; Larrañaga, Nekane (2020). “Menores conectados y riesgos online: Contenidos inadecuados, uso inapropiado de la información y uso excesivo de internet”. Profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 4. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.jul.36
  • Garmendia, Maialen; Casado, Miguel-Ángel; Jiménez-Iglesias, Estefanía; Garitaonandia, Carmelo (2018). “Oportunidades, riesgos, daño y habilidades digitales de los menores españoles”. En: Jiménez-Iglesias, Estefanía; Garmendia, Maialen; Casado, Miguel A. (coords.). Entre selfies y whatsapps. Oportunidades y riesgos para la infancia y la adolescencia conectada. Barcelona: Gedisa, pp. 31-54. ISBN: 978 8416919871 https://clea.edu.mx/biblioteca/files/original/369cf669df5444c8747192ef7c177d10.pdf
  • Garmendia, Maialen; Garitaonandia, Carmelo; Martínez, Gemma; Casado, Miguel-Ángel (2011). Riesgos y seguridad en internet: Los menores españoles en el contexto europeo. Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco; EU Kids Online. ISBN: 978 84 9860 520 4 https://www.observatoriodelainfancia.es/ficherosoia/documentos/3155_d_Informe_EU_Kids_Online_Espa%C3%B1a_completo_red.pdf
  • Garmendia, Maialen; Jiménez-Iglesias, Estefanía; Casado, Miguel-Ángel; Mascheroni, Giovanna (2016). Net children go mobile. Riesgos y oportunidades en internet y uso de dispositivos móviles entre menores españoles (2010-2015). Madrid: Red.es/Universidad del País Vasco. https://netchildrengomobile.eu/ncgm/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Net-Children-Go-Mobile-Spain.pdf
  • Garmendia, Maialen; Jiménez-Iglesias, Estefanía; Karrera, Inaki; Larrañaga, Nekane; Casado, Miguel-Ángel; Martínez, Gemma; Garitaonandia, Carmelo (2019). Actividades, mediación, oportunidades y riesgos online de los menores en la era de la convergencia mediática. Instituto Nacional de Ciberseguridad (Incibe); Universidad del País Vasco. ISBN: 978 84 09 12242 4 https://www.is4k.es/sites/default/files/contenidos/informe-eukidsonline-2018.pdf
  • Gutiérrez-Martín, Alfonso; Tyner, Kathleen (2012). “Media education, media literacy and digital competence”. Comunicar, n. 38, pp. 31-39. https://doi.org/10.3916/C38-2012-02-03
  • Helsper, Ellen J.; Schneider, Luc S.; Van-Deursen, Alexander J. A. M.; Van-Laar, Ester (2021). The youth digital skills indicator: Report on the conceptualisation and development of the ySkills digital skills measure. KU Leuven, Leuven: ySkills. https://zenodo.org/record/4608010
  • Ito, Mizuko; Gutiérrez, Kris D.; Livingstone, Sonia; Penuel, Bill; Rhodes, Jean; Salen, Katie; Schor, Juliet; Sefton-Green, Julian; Watkins, S. Craig (2013). Connected learning: An agenda for research and design. Irvine, CA: The Digital Media and Learning Research Hub Reports on Connected Learning. https://dmlhub.net/publications/connected-learning-agenda-for-research-and-design/index.html
  • Juhaňák, Libor; Zounek, Jiří; Záleská, Klára; Bárta, Ondřej; Vlčková, Kristýna (2019). “The relationship between the age at first computer use and students’ perceived competence and autonomy in ICT usage: A mediation analysis”. Computers & education, n. 14, 103614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103614
  • Kalmus, Veronica (2013). “Making sense of the social mediation of children’s internet use: Perspectives for interdisciplinary and cross-cultural research”. In: Wijnen, Christine W.; Trültzsch, Sascha; Ortner, Christina (eds.). Medienwentel im wandel: Kommunicationswissenchaftliche positionen, perspektiven und Konsequenzen, pp. 137-149. Springer. ISBN: 978 3 531 18436 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-19049-5_11
  • Livingstone, Sonia (2004). “What is media literacy?”. Intermedia, v. 32, n. 3, pp. 18-20. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/1027/1/What_is_media_literacy_%28LSERO%29.pdf
  • Livingstone, Sonia (2018). “La vida online de la infancia”. En: Jiménez-Iglesias, Estefanía; Garmendia, Maialen; Casado, Miguel A. (coords.). Entre selfies y whatsapps. Oportunidades y riesgos para la infancia y la adolescencia conectada. Barcelona: Gedisa, pp. 31-54. ISBN: 978 84 16919871 https://clea.edu.mx/biblioteca/files/original/369cf669df5444c8747192ef7c177d10.pdf
  • Livingstone, Sonia; Haddon, Leslie; Görzig, Anke; Ólafsson, Kjartan (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children. Full findings. LSE, EU Kids Online. https://ibdigital.uib.es/greenstone/sites/localsite/collect/portal_social/index/assoc/varis000/8.dir/varis0008.pdf
  • Livingstone, Sonia; Helsper, J. Ellen (2007). “Gradations in digital inclusion: children, young people and the digital divide”. New media and society, v. 9, n. 4, pp. 671-696. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807080335
  • Livingstone, Sonia; Mascheroni, Giovanna; Stoilova, Mariya (2021). “The outcomes of gaining digital skills for young people’s lives and wellbeing: A systematic evidence review”. New media & society, first online. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211043189
  • Mascheroni, Giovanna; Vincent, Jane (2016). “Perpetual contact as a communicative affordance: opportunities, constraints and emotions”. Mobile media and communication, v. 4, n. 3, pp. 310-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157916639347
  • Mesquita-Romero, Walter-Antonio; Fernández-Morante, M. Carmen; Cebreiro-López, Beatriz (2022). “Critical media literacy to improve students’ competencies”. Comunicar, n. 70, p. 47-57. https://doi.org/10.3916/C70-2022-04
  • Ofcom (2020). Children and parents: Media use and attitudes report 2019. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/media-literacy-research/childrens
  • Qustodio Report (2019). https://qweb.cdn.prismic.io/qweb/652ec17d-790d-49a5-8236-713c96b2c732_20191022_familias_hiperconectadas_es.pdf
  • Smahel, David; Machackova, Hana; Mascheroni, Giovanna; Dedkova, Lenka; Staksrud, Elisabeth; Ólafsson, Kjartan; Livingstone, Sonia; Hasebrink, Uwe (2020). EU Kids online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries. EU Kids Online. https://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/assets/documents/research/eu-kids-online/reports/EU-Kids-Online-2020-March2020.pdf
  • Tirado-García, Alejandra; Rodríguez-Arce, María (2019). “Educación mediática en la era digital: hacia la formación de internautas exigentes”. adComunica, n. 18, pp. 313-316. https://doi.org/10.6035/2174-0992.2019.18.18
  • Van-Deursen, Alexander J. A. M.; Helsper, Ellen; Eynon, Rebecca (2014). Measuring digital skills. From digital skills to tangible. Outcomes project report. https://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/assets/documents/research/projects/disto/Measuring-Digital-Skills.pdf
  • Van-Deursen, Alexander J. A. M.; Van-Dijk, Jan A. G. M. (2013). “The digital divide shifts to differences in usage”. New media and society, v. 16, n. 3, pp. 507-526. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813487959