How are O&G companies contributing to the energy transition?A novel analytical framework for assessing sustainability strategies

  1. Jaime Menéndez Sánchez 1
  2. Jorge Fernández Gómez 2
  3. Andrés Araujo de la Mata 3
  1. 1 University of Deusto) / University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU
  2. 2 Universidad de Deusto
    info

    Universidad de Deusto

    Bilbao, España

    ROR https://ror.org/00ne6sr39

  3. 3 University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), GPAC
Revista:
Ekonomiaz: Revista vasca de economía

ISSN: 0213-3865

Año de publicación: 2021

Título del ejemplar: Retos de la transición energética I · 2021 en el País Vasco para la próxima década

Número: 99

Páginas: 213-241

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Ekonomiaz: Revista vasca de economía

Resumen

Las empresas de petróleo y gas (O&G) están desarrollando y adoptando progresivamente estrategias de sostenibilidad en respuesta a las presiones regulatorias y de mercado contempladas en el proceso de transición energética. Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de la ONU están estrechamente vinculados a las transiciones energéticas y son clave para lograr estrategias de sostenibilidad exitosas. Se propone un novedoso marco analítico para evaluar estrategias de sostenibilidad y se aplica al caso de estudio de Petronor, una empresa de refino del País Vasco (Muskiz, Bizkaia). El análisis ayuda a evaluar cómo las empresas de O&G contribuyen a la transición energética al centrarse en los ODS. Esta primera aplicación de este marco sugiere que se necesita una comprensión integral de los esfuerzos de sustentabilidad de una empresa de O&G para evaluar completamente su papel en la transición energética.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • ACEMOGLU, D.; LINN, J. (2004): «Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry», The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 3: 1049-1090.
  • AMETIC (2019): «Think tank #VEHICLES7YFN. The present and the future of the mobility in Europe: autonomous, connected vehicles and sustainable mobility.» [Online]. Available at: https://ametic.es/sites/default/files/think_ tank_vehicles7yfn_bilbao_meeting_ june_2019.pdf (accessed Dec 03, 2020).
  • ANDREASSON, S. (2018): «Survival of the Fittest: What Future for Big Oil in the Transition to a Low Carbon Economy?», ECPR General Conference Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 22- 25 August 2018.
  • ARAUJO, K. (2014): «The emerging field of energy transitions: Progress, challenges, and opportunities», Energy Research and Social Science, 112-121. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2014.03.002.
  • ARIF, M.S.B.; HASAN, M.A. (2018): «2 - Microgrid architecture, control, and operation», in A.H. Fathima; N. Prabaharan; K. Palanisamy; A. Kalam; S. Mekhilef & J.J. Justo (eds.), HybridRenewable Energy Systems in Microgrids, Woodhead Publishing, 23-37.
  • BARTON, J.; DAVIES, L.; DOOLEY, B.; FOXON, T.J.; GALLOWAY, S.; HAMMOND, G.P.; O’GRADY, Á; ROBERTSON, E.; THOMSON, M. (2018): «Transition pathways for a UK low-carbon electricity system: Comparing scenarios and technology implications», Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2779-2790. DOI: 10.1016/j. rser.2017.10.007.
  • BASQUE GOVERNMENT (2020): «Proyectos KLIMATEK de Adaptación al Cambio Climático» [Online]. Available at: https://www.euskadi. eus/proyectos-klimatek-de-adaptacion-alcambio-climatico/web01-a2ingkli/es/.
  • BAZILIAN, M.; ROGNER, H.; HOWELLS, M.; HERMANN, S.; ARENT, D.; GIELEN, D.; STEDUTO, P.; MUELLER, A.; KOMOR, P.; TOL, R.S.J.; YUMKELLA, K.K. (2011): «Considering the energy, water and food nexus: Towards an integrated modelling approach», Energy Policy, 12: 7896- 7906. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.039.
  • BH2C (2020): «El Corredor Vasco del Hidrógeno. Presentación de la iniciativa», mimeo.
  • BOON, M. (2019): «A Climate of Change? The Oil Industry and Decarbonization in Historical Perspective», Business History Review, 1: 101- 125. DOI: 10.1017/S0007680519000321.
  • CHAIYAPA, W.; ESTEBAN, M.; KAMEYAMA, Y. (2018): «Why go green? Discourse analysis of motivations for Thailand’s oil and gas companies to invest in renewable energy», Energy Policy, 448-459. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2018. 05.064.
  • CHILD, M.; KOSKINEN, O.; LINNANEN, L.; BREYER, C. (2018): «Sustainability guardrails for ener- gy scenarios of the global energy transition», Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 321-334. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018. 03.079.
  • CIDETEC (2018): «Repsol, Petronor and Cidetec strengthen their joint commitment to electric mobility» [Online]. Available at: https://www. cidetec.es/en/news/repsol-petronor-y-cidetecstrengthen-their-joint-commitment-to-electric-mobility.
  • CLEWS, R.J. (2016): «Chapter 5 Fundamentals of the Petroleum Industry», in R.J. Clews (ed.), Project Finance for the International Petroleum Industry, Academic Press, 83-99, San Diego.
  • CSOMOS, G. (2014): «Relationship between Large Oil Companies and the Renewable Energy Sector», Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 11: 2781-2787.
  • DE SELLIERS, D.; SPATARU, C. (March 7, 2020): «The Role of the Oil and Gas Industry in the Transition Towards a Circular Economy», ISERD – 785th International Conference on Economics, Management and Social Study (ICEMSS).
  • DEFEUILLEY, C. (2019): «Energy transition and the future(s) of the electricity sector», Utilities Policy, 97-105. DOI: 10.1016/j.jup.2019.03.002.
  • DYER, W.G.; WILKINS, A.L. (1991): «Better Stories, Not Better Constructs, to Generate Better Theory a Rejoinder to Eisenhardt», Academy of Management Review, 3: 613-619. DOI: 10.2307/258920.
  • EISENHARDT, K.M. (1991): «Better Stories and Better Constructs the Case for Rigor and Comparative Logic», Academy of Management Review, 3: 620-627. DOI: 10.2307/258921.
  • EISENHARDT, K.M. (1989): «Building Theories from Case-Study Research», Academy of Management Review, 4: 532-550. DOI: 10.2307/258557.
  • EKIUGBO, I.; PAPANAGNOU, C. (2017): «The Role of the Procurement Function in Realising Sustainable Development Goals: An Empirical Study of an Emerging Economy’s Oil & Gas Sector», European Journal of Sustainable Development, 3: 166-180. DOI: 10.14207/ejsd.2017. v6n3p166.
  • FIA-ERRC (2019): «FIA E-Rallye Regularity Cup Campeonato de España de Energías Alternativas» [Online]. Available at: https://www. rpmv.org/pruebas/2019/03_ecorallye/ecorallye.htm (accessed Dec, 02, 2020).
  • FUEL CELLS BULLETIN (2020): «Waste2Tricity and PowerHouse plan for first waste plastic to hydrogen plants in UK», Fuel Cells Bulletin, 3: 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464- 2859(20)30117-6.
  • FUSO NERINI, F.; TOMEI, J.; TO, L.S.; BISAGA, I.; PARIKH, P.; BLACK, M.; BORRION, A.; SPATARU, C.; CASTÁN BROTO, V.; ANANDARAJAH, G.; MILLIGAN, B.; MULUGETTA, Y. (2018): «Mapping synergies and trade-offs between energy and the Sustainable Development Goals», Nature Energy, 1: 10-15. DOI: 10.1038/s41560-017- 0036-5.
  • GARCIA, R.; LESSARD, D.; SINGH, A. (2014): «Strategic partnering in oil and gas: A capabilities perspective», Energy Strategy Reviews, 21-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2014.07.004.
  • GREENHOUSE GAS PROTOCOL (2011): «Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Repor- ting Standard. Supplement to the GHG Protocol Corporate and Reporting Standard». Available at: https://ghgprotocol.org/standards/ scope-3-standard.
  • GRIGGS, D.; SMITH, M.S.; ROCKSTRÖM, J.; ÖHMAN, M.C.; GAFFNEY, O.; GLASER, G.; KANIE, N.; NOBLE, I.; STEFFEN, W.; SHYAMSUNDAR, P. (2014): «An integrated framework for sustainable development goals», Ecology and Society, 4: DOI: 10.5751/ES-07082-190449.
  • GRIGGS, D.; STAFFORD-SMITH, M.; GAFFNEY, O.; ROCKSTRÖM, J.; ÖHMAN, M.C.; SHYAMSUNDAR, P.; STEFFEN, W.; GLASER, G.; KANIE, N.; NOBLE, I. (2013): «Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet», Nature, 7441: 305-307. DOI: 10.1038/495305a.
  • GRUBLER, A. (2012): «Energy transitions research: Insights and cautionary tales», Energy Policy, 8-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.070.
  • HAMMOND, G.P.; HOWARD, H.R.; JONES, C.I. (2013): «The energy and environmental implications of UK more electric transition pathways: A whole systems perspective», Energy Policy, 103-116. DOI: 10.1016/j. enpol.2012.08.071.
  • HAMZAH, U.S. (2019): «Understanding the application of sustainable development goals in oil and gas business activities», 4th Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference, 2019, 033023. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1402/ 3/033023.
  • HUANG, Y.A.; WEBER, C.L.; MATTHEWS, H.S. (2009): «Categorization of scope 3 emissions for streamlined enterprise carbon footprinting», Environmental Science and Technology, 22: 8509-8515. DOI: 10.1021/es901643a.
  • IEA (2020a): «The Oil and Gas Industry in Energy Transitions. World Energy Outlook special report», International Energy Agency. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/the-oil-andgas-industry-in-energy-transitions.
  • IEA (2020b): «Sustainable Development Scenario World Energy Model», International Energy Agency, `Paris. Available at: https://www.iea. org/reports/world-energy-model/sustainabledevelopment-scenario.
  • IEA (2020c): «Energy Technology Perspectives 2020», International Energy Agency, Paris. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/ energy-technology-perspectives-2020.
  • IEA (2020d): «Innovation needs in the Sustainable Development Scenario - Clean Energy Innovation», International Energy Agency, Paris. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/ clean-energy-innovation/innovation-needsin-the-sustainable-development-scenario.
  • IEA (2020e): «ETP Clean Energy Technology Guide» [Online]. Available at: https://www.iea.org/ articles/etp-clean-energy-technology-guide.
  • IHOBE (2020): «Climate resilience of the energy sector in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country». Available at: https://www. ihobe.eus/publications/climate-resilience -ofthe-energy-sector-in-the-autonomous-community-of-the-basque-country.
  • ISO (n.d.): «ISO 50001:2018(en). Energy mana- gement systems Requirements with guidance for use» [Online]. Available at: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:50001:ed2:v1:en (accessed Dec 03, 2020).
  • JAKOB, M.; STECKEL, J.C. (2016): «Implications of climate change mitigation for sustainable development», Environmental Research Letters, 10: DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/10/ 104010.
  • KINGO, L. (n.d.): «The UN Global Compact: Fin- ding Solutions to Global Challenges» [Online]. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/un-chronicle/un-global-compact-finding-solutionsglobal-challenges (accessed Jan 19, 2021).
  • LE BLANC, D. (2015): «Towards Integration at Last? The Sustainable Development Goals as a Network of Targets», Sustainable Development, 3: 176-187. DOI: 10.1002/sd.1582.
  • LEE, J.; YANG, J. (2019): «Global energy transitions and political systems», Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, DOI: 10.1016/j. rser.2019.109370.
  • LI, F.G.N.; TRUTNEVYTE, E.; STRACHAN, N. (2015): «A review of socio-technical energy transition (STET) models», Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 290-305. DOI: 10.1016/j. techfore.2015.07.017.
  • MCCOLLUM, D.L.; ECHEVERRI, L.G.; BUSCH, S.; PACHAURI, S.; PARKINSON, S.; ROGELJ, J.; KREY, V.; MINX, J.C.; NILSSON, M.; STEVANCE, A.; RIAHI, K. (2018): «Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages», Environmental Research Letters, 3: DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aaafe3.
  • MCCOLLUM, D.L.; KREY, V.; RIAHI, K. (2011): «COMMENTARY: An integrated approach to energy sustainability», Nature Climate Change, 9: 428-429. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1297.
  • NIETO, M.; QUEVEDO, P. (2005): «Absorptive capacity, technological opportunity, knowledge spillovers, and innovative effort», Technovation, 10: 1141-1157. DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2004.05.001.
  • NILSSON, M.; CHISHOLM, E.; GRIGGS, D.; HOWDENCHAPMAN, P.; MCCOLLUM, D.; MESSERLI, P.; NEUMANN, B.; STEVANCE, A.-.; VISBECK, M.; STAFFORD-SMITH, M. (2018): «Mapping interactions between the sustainable development goals: lessons learned and ways forward», Sustainability Science, 6: 1489-1503. DOI: 10.1007/s11625-018-0604-z.
  • NORTEGAS (n.d.): «Commitment to innovation» [Online]. Available at: https://www.nortegas.es/en/commitment/to-innovation/ (accessed Dec 2, 2020).
  • NORTEGAS (2020): «Repsol and Nortegas open the first natural gas filling station with continuous CNG supply in Bizkaia» [Online]. Available at: https://www.nortegas.es/en/press-note/ repsol-and-nortegas-open-the-first-naturalgas-filling-station-with-continuous-cngsupply-in-bizkaia/ (accessed Dec 2, 2020).
  • OGCI (n.d.): «Repsol is the first oil and gas company to commit to become a net zero emissions company by 2050» [Online]. Available at: https://oilandgasclimateinitiative.com/rep- sol-is-the-first-oil-and-gas-company-to-commit-to-become-a-net-zero-emissions-company-by-2050/ (accessed Dec 01, 2020).
  • PENG YUN; LI JIA; YI JIEXIN (2019): «International Oil Companies’ Low-Carbon Strategies: Confronting the Challenges and Opportunities of Global Energy Transition», 4th International Conference on Advances in Energy Resources and Environment Engineering, 042038. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/237/4/042038.
  • PETRONOR (2016): «Plan de Sostenibilidad 2016. Informe de Cierre». Available at: https://petronor.eus/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2016- Plan-Sostenibilidad-cierre.pdf.
  • PETRONOR (2017): «Plan de Sostenibilidad 2017. Informe de Cierre». Available at: https://petronor.eus/ wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2017-Plan-sostenibilidad-cierre.pdf.
  • PETRONOR (2018): «Plan de Sostenibilidad 2018. Informe de Cierre». Available at: https://petronor.eus/ wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2018-Plan-Sostenibilidad-cierre.pdf.
  • PETRONOR (2019a): «Plan de Sostenibilidad 2019. Balance». Available at: https://petronor.eus/wpcontent/uploads/2020/04/Sostenibilidad-balance-2019.pdf.
  • PETRONOR (2019b): «Petronor batió en 2018 su récord histórico de ventas: 11,9 millones de toneladas» [Online]. Available at: https://petronor. eus/es/2019/04/petronor-batio-en-2018-surecord-historico-de-ventas-119-millones-detoneladas/.
  • PETRONOR (2020a): «Plan de Sostenibilidad 2020. Presentación». Available at: https://petronor.eus/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/2020_Plan_Sostenibilidad_cast.pdf.
  • PETRONOR (2020b): «La generación distribuida empieza a ser realidad» [Online]. Available at: https://petronor.eus/es/2020/11/la-generacion-distribuida-empieza-a-ser-realidad/.
  • PETRONOR (2020c): «Repsol y Nortegas instalarán en Ses- tao la primera gasinera de su red de suministro de gas natural vehicular» [Online]. Available at: https://petronor.eus/es/2020/07/ repsol-y-nortegas-instalaran-en-sestao-la-primera-gasinera-de-su-red-de-suministro-degas-natural-vehicular/ (accessed Dec 2, 2020).
  • PETRONOR (2020d): «Petronor avanza el futuro con la producción de combustibles sintéticos» [Online]. Available at: https://petronor.eus/ es/2020/06/petronor-avanza-el-futuro-con-laproduccion-de-combustibles-sinteticos/.
  • PETRONOR (2020e): «El puerto de Bilbao adjudica a Pe- tronor una parcela para una planta de combustibles sintéticos y otra de generación de gas a partir de residuos urbanos» [Online]. Available at: https://petronor.eus/es/2020/09/el- puerto-de-bilbao-adjudica-a-petronor-una- parcela-para-una-planta-de-combustiblessinteticos-y-otra-de-generacion-de-gas-a-partir-de-residuos-urbanos/ (accessed Dec 2, 2020).
  • PETRONOR (2020f): «La planta de pirolisis contribuirá a la descarbonización de la refinería» [Online]. Available at: https://petronor.eus/es/2020/06/ la-planta-de-pirolisis-contribuira-a-la-descarbonizacion-de-la-refineria/ (accessed Dec 2, 2020).
  • PETRONOR (2020g): «Petronor lidera el proyecto de I+D eMovLab» [Online]. Available at: https://petronor.eus/es/2020/06/petronor-lidera-el-proyecto-de-id-emovlab/.
  • PETRONOR (2020h): «El proyecto UFC de Repsol e Ibil, finalista en la primera fase de los premios enerTIC en la categoría «smart vehicle”» [Online]. Available at: https://petronor.eus/ es/2020/09/el-proyecto-ufc-de-repsol-e-ibilfinalista-en-la-primera-fase-de-los-premiosenertic-en-la-categoria-smart-vehicle/.
  • PETRONOR (2020i): «Petronor y la Diputación Foral de Bizkaia firman un protocolo de actuación para el desarrollo del Hub vasco del Hidrógeno y la economía circular» [Online]. Available at: https://petronor.eus/es/2020/07/petronor- y-la-diputacion-foral-de-bizkaia-firman-un- protocolo-de-actuacion-para-el-desarrollo- del-hub-vasco-del-hidrogeno-y-la-economiacircular/.
  • PETRONOR (n.d.): «Programa de innovación abierta INSPÎRE®-Petronor» [Online]. Available at: https://petronor.eus/es/programa-de-innovacion-abierta-inspire-petronor/ (accessed Dec 04, 2020).
  • PICKL, M.J. (2019): «The renewable energy strate- gies of oil majors From oil to energy?», Energy Strategy Reviews, UNSP 100370. DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2019.100370.
  • PWC (2020): «Repsol, S.A. y sociedades participadas que configuran el grupo Repsol. Informe de Auditoría, Cuentas Anuales Consolidadas e Informe de Gestión Consolidado a 31 de diciembre de 2019». Available at: https://www.repsol. com/imagenes/global/es/Informe-auditoriacuentas-anuales-consolidadas-2019_tcm13- 175424.pdf.
  • RAMASWAMI, A.; HILLMAN, T.; JANSON, B.; REINER, M.; THOMAS, G. (2008): «A demand-centered, hybrid life-cycle methodology for city-scale greenhouse gas inventories», Environmental Science and Technology, 17: 6455-6461. DOI: 10.1021/es702992q.
  • REPSOL (2019a): «Official Notice» [Online]. Available at: https://www.repsol.com/imagenes/ global/es/HR02122019-repsol-strategy-against-climate-change_tcm13-170857.pdf.
  • REPSOL (2019b): «Informe ODS 2019 / 2019 SDG Report» [Online]. Available at: https://www. repsol.com/en/sustainability/sustainabilitystrategy/contribution-to-the-sdgs/index.cshtml (accessed Dec 11, 2020).
  • REPSOL (2019c): «2019 Integrated Management Report» [Online]. Available at: https://www.repsol.com/ en/sustainability/reports-kpis-and-partnerships/index.cshtml (accessed Dec 11, 2020).
  • RIAHI, K.; VAN VUUREN, D.P.; KRIEGLER, E.; ED- MONDS, J.; O’NEILL, B.C.; FUJIMORI, S.; BAUER, N.; CALVIN, K.; DELLINK, R.; FRICKO, O.; LUTZ, W.; POPP, A.; CUARESMA, J.C.; KC, S.; LEIMBACH, M.; JIANG, L.; KRAM, T.; RAO, S.; EMMERLING, J.; EBI, K.; HASEGAWA, T.; HAVLIK, P.; HUMPENÖDER, F.; DA SILVA, L.A.; SMITH, S.; STEHFEST, E.; BOSETTI, V.; EOM, J.; GERNAAT, D.; MASUI, T.; ROGELJ, J.; STREFLER, J.; DROUET, L.; KREY, V.; LUDERER, G.; HARMSEN, M.; TAKAHASHI, K.; BAUMSTARK, L.; DOELMAN, J.C.; KAINUMA, M.; KLIMONT, Z.; MARANGONI, G.; LOTZE-CAMPEN, H.; OBERSTEINER, M.; TABEAU, A.; TAVONI, M. (2017): «The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview», Global Environmental Change, 153-168. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016. 05.009.
  • SCHARLEMANN, J.P.W.; BROCK, R.C.; BALFOUR, N.; BROWN, C.; BURGESS, N.D.; GUTH, M.K.; INGRAM, D.J.; LANE, R.; MARTIN, J.G.C.; WICANDER, S.; KAPOS, V. (2020): «Towards understanding interactions between Sustainable Development Goals: the role of environment– human linkages», Sustainability Science, 6: 1573-1584. DOI: 10.1007/s11625-020-00799-6.
  • SDG COMPASS (n.d.): «Home» [Online]. Available at: https://sdgcompass.org/ (accessed Jan 19, 2021).
  • SORMAN, A.H.; GARCÍA-MUROS, X.; PIZARRO-IRIZAR, C.; GONZÁLEZ-EGUINO, M. (2020): «Lost (and found) in Transition: Expert stakeholder insights on low-carbon energy transitions in Spain», Energy Research and Social Science, DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2019.101414.
  • SPRI (n.d.): «R+D+SPRI. If you choose research and development, we have a lot to offer» [Online]. Available at: https://www.spri.eus/en/technology/ (accessed Dec 4, 2020).
  • STAFFORD-SMITH, M.; GRIGGS, D.; GAFFNEY, O.; ULLAH, F.; REYERS, B.; KANIE, N.; STIGSON, B.; SHRIVASTAVA, P.; LEACH, M.; O’CONNELL, D. (2017): «Integration: the key to implementing the Sustainable Development Goals», Sustainability Science, 6: 911-919. DOI: 10.1007/ s11625-016-0383-3.
  • SUM BILBAO (2019): «About the event» [Online]. Available at: https://sumbilbao19.com/en/ about-the-event/ (accessed Dic 02, 2020).
  • TECNALIA (2018): «Petronor y Tecnalia se unen para la liderar la transformación digital en la refinería» [Online]. Available at: https://www. tecnalia.com/es/sala-prensa/notas-prensa/tec- nalia/petronor-y-tecnalia-se-unen-para-la-li- derar-la-transformacion-digital-en-la-refineria.htm.
  • UN GLOBAL COMPACT (n.d.): «The SDGs Explained for Business» [Online]. Available at: https://www.unglobalcompact.org/sdgs/ about (accessed Jan 19, 2021).
  • UNDP; IFC; IPIECA (2017): “Mapping the oil and gas industry to the Sustainable Develop- ment Goals: An Atlas», United Nations Deve- lopment Programme. Available at: https:// www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/li- brarypage/poverty-reduction/mapping-theoil-and-gas-industry-to-the-sdgs--an-atlas. html.
  • UNEF (n.d.): «EDINOR» [Online]. Available at: https://socios.unef.es/asociados/edinor/ (accessed Dec 3, 2020).
  • VAN PRAAG, C.M.; VERSLOOT, P.H. (2007): «What is the value of entrepreneurship? A review of recent research», Small Business Economics, 4: 351-382. DOI: 10.1007/s11187-007-9074-x.
  • VERBONG, G.; LOORBACH, D. (2012): «Governing the energy transition: Reality, illusion or necessity?», in Governing the Energy Transition: Reality, Illusion or Necessity? 1-376.
  • VILLARREAL LARRINAGA, O. (2017): «Is it desirable, necessary and possible to perform research using case studies?», Cuadernos De Gestion, 1: 147-172. DOI: 10.5295/cdg.140516ov.
  • VON STECHOW, C.; MCCOLLUM, D.; RIAHI, K.; MINX, J.C.; KRIEGLER, E.; VAN VUUREN, D.P.; JEWELL, J.; ROBLEDO-ABAD, C.; HERTWICH, E.; TAVONI, M.; MIRASGEDIS, S.; LAH, O.; ROY, J.; MULUGETTA, Y.; DUBASH, N.K.; BOLLEN, J.; ÜRGE-VORSATZ, D.; EDENHOFER, O. (2015): «Integrating Global Climate Change Mitigation Goals with Other Sustainability Objectives: A Synthesis», Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 363. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-021113-095626.
  • VON STECHOW, C.; MINX, J.C.; RIAHI, K.; JEWELL, J.; MCCOLLUM, D.L.; CALLAGHAN, M.W.; BERTRAM, C.; LUDERER, G.; BAIOCCHI, G. (2016): «2°C and SDGs: United they stand, divided they fall?», Environmental Research Letters, 3: DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034022.
  • WAAGE, J.; YAP, C.; BELL, S.; LEVY, C.; MACE, G.; PEGRAM, T.; UNTERHALTER, E.; DASANDI, N.; HUDSON, D.; KOCK, R.; MAYHEW, S.; MARX, C.; POOLE, N. (2015): «Governing the UN sustainable development goals: Interactions, infrastructures, and institutions», The Lancet Global Health, 5: e251-e252. DOI: 10.1016/S2214- 109X(15)70112-9.
  • WEIJERMARS, R.; CLINT, O.; PYLE, I. (2014): «Com- peting and partnering for resources and profits: Strategic shifts of oil Majors during the past quarter of a century», Energy Strategy Reviews, 72-87. DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2014.05.001.
  • WILLIAMS, O.F. (2018): «Restorying the purpose of business: The agenda of the UN Global Compact», African Journal of Business Ethics, 2: 85-95. DOI: 10.15249/12-2-195.
  • ZHONG, M.; BAZILIAN, M.D. (2018): «Contours of the energy transition: Investment by international oil and gas companies in renewable energy», Electricity Journal, 1: 82-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.tej.2018.01.001.