Airbnb: ¿economía colaborativa o nuevo modelo de negocio? Evidencia empírica reciente desde una ciudad de tamaño medio como Bilbao

  1. Itziar Aguado-Moralejo 1
  2. Carmen Echebarria 1
  3. Jose M. Barrutia 1
  1. 1 Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
    info

    Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea

    Lejona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/000xsnr85

Revista:
Investigaciones Geográficas (España)

ISSN: 0213-4691 1989-9890

Año de publicación: 2021

Número: 76

Páginas: 97-118

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.14198/INGEO.18910 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Investigaciones Geográficas (España)

Resumen

The sharing economy is a controversial concept built around the advancement of information and communication technologies, digital platforms, and the exchange (usually occasional and for a limited time) of underused assets between suppliers and consumers. Airbnb, the leading digital platform connecting hosts with guests, argues that its activities respond to this new economic model, especially the service of shared rental housing. This article, based on the treatment and refinement of different statistical and cartographic sources: (1) broadens the base of empirical evidence on Airbnb's activities in a medium-sized European city like Bilbao; and (2) analyses what Airbnb's offer in Bilbao tells us about the degree to which Airbnb contributes to the sharing economy. The analysis clearly shows that ‘homesharing’ is relevant, but the commercial offer is also highly significant, although geographically uneven, in the way that the platform operates in the city. Digital platforms are an increasingly relevant part of tourist accommodation activities worldwide, and it is, therefore, necessary to go deeper into the debate on the relationship between platforms and the sharing economy

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Acquier, A., Carbone, V., & Massé, D. (2019). How to Create Value(s) in the Sharing Economy: Business Models, Scalability, and Sustainability. Technology Innovation Management Review, 9(2), 5-24. http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1215
  • Adamiak, C. (2018). Mapping Airbnb supply in European cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 71, 67-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.02.008
  • Adamiak, C. (2019). Current state and development of Airbnb accommodation offer in 167 countries. Current Issues in Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1696758
  • Adamiak, C., Szyda, B., Dubownik, A., & García-Álvarez, D. (2019). Airbnb offer in Spain—spatial analysis of the pattern and determinants of its distribution. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(3), 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030155
  • Aguado-Moralejo, I., Echebarria, C., & Barrutia, J. M. (2019). Aplicación de un análisis clúster para el estudio de la segregación social en el municipio de Bilbao. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 81, 2763, 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21138/bage.2763
  • Airbnb, Inc. (2021). About Us. Airbnb News. Recuperado de https://news.airbnb.com/about-us/
  • Alfonso Sánchez, R. (2016). Economía colaborativa: un nuevo mercado para la economía social. CIRIEC-España, Revista de Economía Pública, Social y Cooperativa, (88), 230-258. https://doi.org/10.7203/CIRIEC-E.88.9255
  • Alfonso Sánchez, R., & Burillo Sánchez, F. J. (2017). La economía llamada “colaborativa”. En R. Alfonso Sánchez & J. Valero Torrijos (Dir.), Retos Jurídicos de la Economía Colaborativa en el Contexto Digital (pp. 49-72). Cizur Menor (Navarra): Thompson Reuters Aranzadi.
  • Amore, A., de Bernardi, C., & Arvanitis, P. (2020). The impacts of Airbnb in Athens, Lisbon and Milan. A rent gap theory perspective. Current Issues in Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1742674
  • Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial association-LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x
  • Arias Sans, A., & Quaglieri-Domínguez, A. (2016). Unravelling Airbnb: Urban perspectives from Barcelona. Reinventing the Local in Tourism: Producing, Consuming and Negotiating Place, 73, 209-228. Recuperado de https://www.academia.edu/24653298/Unravelling_Airbnb_Urban_Perspectives_from_Barcelona
  • Ayuntamiento de Bilbao (2017). Bilbao adecúa su normativa a la ley vasca de turismo en relación a las viviendas turísticas. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3csTD3n
  • Bashir, M., & Verma, R. (2016). Airbnb disruptive business model innovation: Assessing the impact on hotel industry. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 14(4), 2595-2604.
  • Benítez-Aurioles, B. (2018). The role of distance in the peer-to-peer market for tourist accommodation. Tourism Economics, 24(3), 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816617726211
  • Bilbao Turismo & Convention Bureau (2020). Estadísticas. Recuperado de https://www.bilbaoturismo.net/BilbaoTurismo/es/datos-y-estadisticas
  • Botsman, R., & Rogers, R. (2010). What’s mine is yours. The rise of collaborative consumption. New York (US): Harper Collin.
  • Brousseau, F. (2015). Analysis of the impacts of short-term rentals on housing. San Francisco: City and County of San Francisco. Recuperado de https://sfbos.org/sites/default/files/FileCenter/Documents/52601-BLA.ShortTermRentals.051315.pdf
  • Bruno, B., & Faggini, M. (2017). Sharing economy: for an economic taxonomy. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 9(6), 174-178. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n6p174
  • Bulchand, J., & Melian, S. (2018). La revolución de la economía colaborativa. Madrid: LID Editorial.
  • Cañigueral, A. (2016). Hacia una economía colaborativa «responsable». Oikonomics, 6, 16-27. https://doi.org/10.7238/o.n6.1603
  • Cliff, A. D., & Ord, K. (1970). Spatial Autocorrelation: A Review of Existing and New Measures with Applications. Economic Geography, 46(1), 269-292. https://doi.org/10.2307/143144
  • Cocola-Gant, A., & Gago, A. (2019). Airbnb, buy-to-let investment and tourism-driven displacement: A case study in Lisbon. Environment and Planning A. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19869012
  • Cocola-Gant, A., & Lopez-Gay, A. (2020). Transnational gentrification, tourism and the formation of ‘foreign only’ enclaves in Barcelona. Urban Studies, 57(15), 3025-3043. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020916111
  • Colomb, C., & Novy, J. (Eds.). (2016). Protest and resistance in the tourist city. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315719306
  • Contu, G., Conversano, C., Frigau, L., & Mola, F. (2019). The impact of Airbnb on hidden and sustainable tourism: the case of Italy. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 9(2), 99-130. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTP.2019.102627
  • Crommelin, L., Troy, L., Martin, C., & Pettit, C. (2018). Is Airbnb a sharing economy superstar? Evidence from five global cities. Urban Policy and Research, 36(4), 429-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2018.1460722
  • Departamento de Planificación Territorial, Vivienda y Transportes (2019). Estadísticas del Mercado de Alquiler. Recuperado de https://www.euskadi.eus/gobierno-vasco/-/estadistica-del-mercado-de-alquiler-ema/
  • Dogru, T., Mody, M., Suess, C., Line, N., & Bonn, M. (2020). Airbnb 2.0: Is it a sharing economy platform or a lodging corporation? Tourism Management, 78, 104049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104049
  • Duso, T., Michelsen, C., Schäfer, M., & Tran, K. (2020). Airbnb and rents: Evidence from Berlin. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3676909
  • Enciso Santocildes, M., Mugarra Elorriaga, A., Muñecas Izaguirre, I., & Ruíz Martínez, A. (2019). Economía colaborativa vs economía de plataforma: el caso Fairbnb y sus principios inspiradores desde la economía de cooperación. Boletín de Estudios Económicos, 74(227), 259-283.
  • Eugenio-Martin, J. L., Cazorla-Artiles, J. M., & González-Martel, C. (2019). On the determinants of Airbnb location and its spatial distribution. Tourism Economics, 25(8), 1224-1244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816618825415
  • Eustat (2018). Estadística de Renta Personal y Familiar. Recuperado de https://www.eustat.eus/tema_395/opt_0/tipo_4/estad/temalista.html
  • Eustat (2019a). Estadística Municipal de Actividad. Recuperado de https://www.eustat.eus/tema_276/opt_1/tipo_4/estad/temalista.html
  • Eustat (2019b). Estadística Municipal de Educación. Recuperado de https://www.eustat.eus/tema_271/opt_1/tipo_4/estad/temalista.html
  • Eustat (2019c). Estadística Municipal de Habitantes. Recuperado de https://www.eustat.eus/bankupx/pxweb/es/spanish/-/PX_2212_ep06b.px
  • Eustat (2019d). Estadística Municipal de Viviendas. Recuperado de https://www.eustat.eus/bancopx/spanish/id_3700/indiceRR.html
  • Eustat (2020). Estadística Municipal de Viviendas. Recuperado de https://www.eustat.eus/estadisticas/tema_274/opt_1/ti_estadistica-municipal-de-viviendas/temas.html
  • Farmaki, A., Christou, P., & Saveriades, A. (2020). A Lefebvrian analysis of Airbnb space. Annals of Tourism Research, 80, 102806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102806
  • Ferreri, M., & Sanyal, R. (2018). Platform economies and urban planning: Airbnb and regulated deregulation in London. Urban Studies, 55(15), 3353-3368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017751982
  • Fierro, A., & Salmón, C. (2018). El impacto del turismo en el Casco Viejo de Bilbao mediante los modelos de economía colaborativa: una aproximación a través de una distribución binomial negativa. Lurralde: Investigación y Espacio, 41, 175-201. Recuperado de http://www.ingeba.org/lurralde/lurranet/lur41/41fierro.pdf
  • Franklin, A. (2016). Journeys to the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao: towards a revised Bilbao effect. Annals of Tourism Research, 59, 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.04.001
  • Freytag, T., & Bauder, M. (2018). Bottom-up touristification and urban transformations in Paris. Tourism Geographies, 20(3), 443-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1454504
  • Gainza, X. (2017). Culture-led neighbourhood transformations beyond the revitalisation/gentrification dichotomy. Urban Studies, 54(4), 953-970. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098016630507
  • Getis, A., & Ord, K. (1992). The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis, 24, 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x
  • Gil, J., & Sequera, J. (2020). The professionalization of Airbnb in Madrid: Far from a collaborative economy. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1757628
  • Gobierno Vasco (2020). Alojamientos turísticos de Euskadi. Recuperado de https://opendata.euskadi.eus/catalogo/-/alojamientos/
  • González, S. (2011). Bilbao and Barcelona ‘in motion’. How urban regeneration ‘models’ travel and mutate in the global flows of policy tourism. Urban Studies, 48(7), 1397-1418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098010374510
  • Gössling, S., & Hall, C. M. (2019). Sharing versus collaborative economy: how to align ICT developments and the SDGs in tourism? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(1), 74-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1560455
  • Gurran, N., & Phibbs, P. (2017). When tourists move in: How should urban planners respond to Airbnb? Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(1), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2016.1249011
  • Gutiérrez, J., García-Palomares, J. C., Romanillos, G., & Salas-Olmedo, M. H. (2017). The eruption of Airbnb in tourist cities: Comparing spatial patterns of hotels and peer-to-peer accommodation in Barcelona. Tourism Management, 62, 278-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.05.003
  • Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Current issues in Tourism, 18(12), 1192-1217. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.827159
  • Guttentag, D. A., & Smith, S. L. J. (2017). Assessing Airbnb as a disruptive innovation relative to hotels: Substitution and comparative performance expectations. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 64, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.02.003
  • Guttentag, D., Smith, S., Potwarka, L., & Havitz, M. (2018). Why Tourists Choose Airbnb: A Motivation-Based Segmentation Study. Journal of Travel Research, 57(3), 342-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517696980
  • INE (2020). Encuesta de ocupación hotelera. Recuperado de https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=2078
  • Inside Airbnb (2019). Get the Data. Recuperado de http://insideairbnb.com/get-the-data.html
  • Ioannides, D., Röslmaier, M., & van der Zee, E. (2019). Airbnb as an instigator of ‘tourism bubble’ expansion in Utrecht’s Lombok neighbourhood. Tourism Geographies, 21(5), 822-840. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1454505
  • Jarne Muñoz, P. (2016). El consumo colaborativo en España: experiencias relevantes y retos de futuro. Revista CESCO de Derecho de Consumo, (17), 62-75. Recuperado de http://hdl.handle.net/10578/20557
  • Kadi, J., Plank, L., & Seidl, R. (2019). Airbnb as a tool for inclusive tourism? Tourism Geographies, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1654541
  • Kaplan, R. A., & Nadler, M. L. (2015). Airbnb: A Case Study in Occupancy Regulation and Taxation. University of Chicago Law Review Online, 82(1), 7. Recuperado de http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclrev_online/vol82/iss1/7
  • Lee, D. (2016). How Airbnb short-term rentals exacerbate Los Angeles’s affordable housing crisis: Analysis and policy recommendations. Harvard Law & Policy Review, 10, 229-253. Recuperado de https://harvardlpr.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2016/02/10.1_10_Lee.pdf
  • Moran, P.A.P. (1948). The Interpretation of Statistical Maps. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 10(2), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1948.tb00012.x
  • Nieuwland, S., & van Melik, R. (2020). Regulating Airbnb: How cities deal with perceived negative externalities of short-term rentals. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(7), 811-825. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1504899
  • Observatorio Vasco de la Vivienda (2020). GIS Observatorio Vasco de la Vivienda. Recuperado de https://www.etxebide.euskadi.eus/x39-ovad05/es/contenidos/informacion/ovv_gises_berria/es_def/index.shtml
  • Opendata Euskadi (2020). Alojamientos turísticos de Euskadi. Recuperado de https://opendata.euskadi.eus/catalogo/-/alojamientos/
  • Oskam, J., & Boswijk, A. (2016). Airbnb: the future of networked hospitality businesses. Journal of Tourism Futures, 2(1), 22-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JTF-11-2015-0048
  • Palgan, Y. V., Zvolska, L., & Mont, O. (2017). Sustainability framings of accommodation sharing. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23, 70-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2016.12.002
  • Palos-Sanchez, P. R., & Correia, M. B. (2018). The collaborative economy based analysis of demand: Study of Airbnb case in Spain and Portugal. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 13(3), 85-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-18762018000300105
  • Paulauskaite, D., Powell, R., Coca-Stefaniak, J.A., & Morrison, A. M. (2017). Living like a local: Authentic tourism experiences and the sharing economy. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(6), 619-628. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2134
  • Plaza, B., & Haarich, S. N. (2015). The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao: Between regional embeddedness and global networking. European Planning Studies, 23(8), 1456-1475. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.817543
  • Quattrone, G., Proserpio, D., Quercia, D., Capra, L., & Musolesi, M. (2016, February). Who Benefits from the’Sharing’Economy of Airbnb. EnWWW 2016: 25th International Conference on World Wide Web, (pp. 11-15). 11-15 April 2016, Montreal, Canada. https://doi.org/10.1145/2872427.2874815
  • Sastre Centeno, J. M., & Inglada Galiana, M. E. (2018). La economía colaborativa: un nuevo modelo económico. CIRIEC-España, Revista de Economía Pública, Social y Cooperativa, 94, 219-250. https://doi.org/10.7203/CIRIEC-E.94.12109
  • Schäfer, P., & Braun, N. (2016). Misuse through short-term rentals on the Berlin housing market. International journal of housing markets and analysis. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 9(2), 287-311. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-05-2015-0023
  • Schor, J. (2016). Debating the sharing economy. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics, 4(3), 7-22. https://doi.org/10.22381/JSME4320161
  • Sequera, J., & Nofre, J. (2020). Touristification, transnational gentrification and urban change in Lisbon: The neighbourhood of Alfama. Urban Studies, 57(15), 3169-3189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019883734
  • Sheppard, S., & Udell, A. (2016). Do Airbnb properties affect house prices? Williamstown, MA, USA: Williams College Economics. Recuperado de http://www.econis.eu/PPNSET?PPN=875707955
  • Spangler, I. (2020). Hidden value in the platform’s platform: Airbnb, displacement, and the unhoming spatialities of emotional labour. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 45(3), 575-588. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12367
  • Sperling, G. (2015). How Airbnb combats middle class income stagnation. Recuperado de https://www.cedarcityutah.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/MiddleClassReport-MT-061915_r1.pdf
  • Stephany, A. (2015). The Business of Sharing: Making it in the New Sharing Economy. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137376183
  • Sung, E., Kim, H., & Lee, D. (2018). Why Do People Consume and Provide Sharing Economy Accommodation?—A Sustainability Perspective. Sustainability, 10(6), 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10062072
  • Tobler, W. R. (1970). A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Economic Geography, 46(sup1), 234-240. https://doi.org/10.2307/143141
  • Wachsmuth, D., & Weisler, A. (2018). Airbnb and the rent gap: Gentrification through the sharing economy. Environment and Planning. A, 50(6), 1147-1170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18778038
  • Wang, D., & Nicolau, J. L. (2017). Price determinants of sharing economy based accommodation rental: A study of listings from 33 cities on Airbnb.com. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 62, 120-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.12.007
  • Wegmann, J., & Jiao, J. (2017). Taming Airbnb: Toward guiding principles for local regulation of urban vacation rentals based on empirical results from five US cities. Land Use Policy, 69, 494-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.025
  • Xu, F., Hu, M., La, L., Wang, J., & Huang, C. (2019). The influence of neighbourhood environment on Airbnb: A geographically weighed regression analysis. Tourism Geographies, 22(1), 192-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1586987
  • Young, C. A., Corsun, D. L., & Xie, K. L. (2017). Travelers’ preferences for peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodations and hotels. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 11(4), 465-482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-09-2016-0093
  • Yrigoy, I. (2019). Rent gap reloaded. Airbnb and the shift from residential to touristic rental housing in the Palma Old Quarter in Mallorca, Spain. Urban Studies, 56(13), 2709-2726. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018803261
  • Zervas, G., Proserpio, D., & Byers, J. W. (2017). The rise of the sharing economy: Estimating the impact of Airbnb on the hotel industry. Journal of Marketing Research, 54(5), 687-705. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.15.0204