Hacia un modelo multidimensional de los trastornos del lenguaje y de la lecturaDéficits compartidos y específicos

  1. Joana Acha 1
  1. 1 Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
    info

    Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea

    Lejona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/000xsnr85

Revista:
Revista de Investigación en Logopedia

ISSN: 2174-5218

Año de publicación: 2016

Volumen: 6

Número: 2

Páginas: 107-141

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.5209/RLOG.58545 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Revista de Investigación en Logopedia

Resumen

Este artículo revisa la naturaleza y relaciones entre procesos implicados en el trastorno específico del lenguaje (TEL) y de la lectura (dislexia) en base a los criterios de clasificación del DSM-V. El TEL implica dificultades en la percepción y discriminación de los sonidos del habla, en la adquisición de vocabulario, así como en la comprensión y producción del lenguaje y de reglas gramaticales. La dislexia se incluye dentro de los trastornos de aprendizaje, y se caracteriza por una dificultad en la adquisición de las asociaciones entre letras y sus sonidos correspondientes y la fluidez o automatización lectora. Ambos trastornos se clasifican en categorías independientes y su posible interdependencia no queda clara. Recientes investigaciones han demostrado la presencia en ambos trastornos de un déficit de naturaleza fonológica que puede definirse en torno a dos dimensiones distintas aunque interrelacionadas: la habilidad para crear representaciones fonológicas y la habilidad para procesarlas y acceder a ellas. También se ha observado que ambos trastornos comparten dificultades atencionales, en la memoria de trabajo y en la velocidad de procesamiento, lo que explicaría la alta tasa de comorbilidad entre trastornos de lenguaje, lectura y atención. Estos hallazgos subrayan la naturaleza multidimensional de los trastornos y su ubicación en un continuum, suponiendo un reto para la perspectiva categórica de los actuales métodos de clasificación. Las nuevas investigaciones se orientan hacia el descubrimiento de características comunes y específicas de los trastornos. Éstas permitirán definir marcadores de riesgo tempranos, con claras implicaciones para la evaluación y tratamiento

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