Fuerza de reacción del suelo durante la marcha. Componente vertical y antero-posterior
-
1
Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
info
Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
Lejona, España
ISSN: 0120-677X
Argitalpen urtea: 2011
Alea: 30
Zenbakia: 2
Orrialdeak: 607-625
Mota: Artikulua
Beste argitalpen batzuk: Educación Física y Deporte
Laburpena
The usually used parameters to analyze the ver- tical and the antero-posterior components of the ground reaction force in different shoe conditions are reviewed. The impact force (FZI), the vertical force during the foot contact with the ground (FZA), the vertical force during the midstance (FZV), the vertical force during the toe off (FZD) and the time to the production of these forces (TZI, TZA, TZV and TZD, respectively) are pre- sented. Furthermore, the antero-posterior force during the foot contact with the ground (FXI), during the toe off (FXF) and the time to the pro- duction of these forces are also presented (TXI and TXF, respectively). The shoe condition must be controlled to analyze with force platforms the walking trials. It is recomended to standardize the brand and model of the shoe condition during the walking trials with force plaforms.
Erreferentzia bibliografikoak
- Aguinaldo, A., Litavish, & Morales, A. (2002). Comparison of transient force attenuation between three types of heel cushions used in athletic footwear. Gait and Posture, 16(s1), 100-101.
- Aguinaldo, A., Mahar, A., Litavish, & Morales, A. (2002). Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports. Paper presented at the Ground reaction forces in running shoes with two types of cushioning column systems, Cáceres, España.
- Alcántara, E., Forner, A., Ferrús, E., García, & Ramiro, J. (2002). Influence of age, gender, and obesity on the mechanical properties of the heel pad under walking impact conditions. J Appl Biomech, 18, 345-356.
- Alcántara, E., Pérez, A., Lozano, L., García, & Forner, A. (1996, 1996). Proceedings of the 16th International Society of Biomechanics. Generation and transmission of heel strike impacts in children running footwear and gender influence, Marseille.
- Azevedo, L. B., Schwellnus, M. P., MLambert, & Vaughan, C. L. (2005). Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. Effect of running shoes on biomechanics and subject variability, Cleveland.
- Baker, R., Kirtley, & Pandy, M. (2004). Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on the 3D Analysis of Human Movement. Minimizing the vertical excursion of the centre of mass is not the primary aim of walking, Florida.
- Bartlett, R. (1999). Sports Biomechanics: preventing injury and improving performance (1 ed.): J&L Composition Ltd.
- Bates, B. T. (1984, September 17-19). Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology. The evaluaton and effetcs of heel strike, Los Ángeles.
- Bates, B. T., DeVita, & Hamill, J. (1986). Proceedings of the North American Congress on Biomechanics. Human Locomotion IV, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Bates, B. T., James, S. L., Osternig, L. & Sawhill, J. A. (1983). An assessment of subject’s variability, subject-shoe interaction and evaluation of running shoes using ground reaction force data. J Biomech (16), 181-191.
- Bennett, M. & Ker, R. F. (1990). The mechanical properties of the human subcalcaneal fat pad in compression. J Anat, 171, 131-138.
- Biden, E. N., O´Connor,& Collins, J. J. (1990). Gait Analysis. In D. Daniel (Ed.), Knee Ligaments: Structure, Function, Injury and Repair. (pp. 291-311): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Breit, G. & Whalen, R. T. (1997). Prediction of human gait parameters from temporal measures of foot-ground contact. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 29(4), 540-547.
- Bresler, & Frankel, J. P. (1950). The forces and moments in the leg during level walking. Trans ASME, 72, 27-36.
- Bulsara, Y. & Matthew, I. R. (1998). Forces transmitted through a laminated mouthguard material with a Sorbothane insert. Endod Dent Tarumatol, 14(1), 45-47.
- Cámara, J. (2006). La influencia de las botas de bombero sobre la biomecánica de la marcha. Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao.
- Cámara, & Gavilanes, B. (2005a). The influence of firemen boots on the fore-aft ground reaction force during walking. Gait and Posture, 21(S1), 144-145.
- Cámara, & Gavilanes, B. (2005b). Investigación en ciencias del deporte. La influencia de las botas de montaña y plantillas sobre la cinética y cinemática de la marcha, Vitoria Gasteiz, Spain.
- Carmichae, & Whittle, M. W. (1999). Gender differences in the heelstrike transient. Gait and Posture (9), 144-145.
- Cavanagh, P. R., Andrew, G. C., Kram, R., Rodger, M. M., Sanderson, D. & Henning, E. M. (1985). An approach to biomechanical profiling of elite distance runners. Int J of Sports Biomech, 1, 36-62.
- Cavanagh, P. R., Williams, K. ., & Clark, T. E. (1979). A comparison of ground reaction forces during walking barefoot and in shoes. In A. Morecki, K. Fidelus, K. Kedzior & A. Wit (Eds.), Biomechanics VII-B (pp. 151-156). Baltimore: University Park Press.
- Cham, & Redfern, M. S. (2002). Changes in Gait When Anticipating Slippery Floors. Gait and Posture, 15, 159-171.
- Chao, E. Y., Laughman, R. K., Schneider, & Stauffer, R. N. (1983). Normative data of knee joint motion and ground reaction forces in adult level walking. J Biomech, 16(3), 219-233.
- Chen, W.-L., O´Connor, J. & Radin, E. L. (2003). A comparison of the gates of Chinese and Caucasian women with particular reference to their heelstrike transients. Clin Biomech, 18, 207-213.
- Chu, M. L., Yazdani-Ardakani, S., Gradisar, I. & Askew, M. J. (1986). An in vitro simulation study of impulsive force transmission along the lower skeletal extremity. J Biomech, 19, 979-987.
- Collins, J, & Whittle, M. W. (1989). Impulsive forces during walking and their clinical implications. Clin Biomech, 4, 179-187.
- Creaby, M.W., May, K. & Bennell, K.L. (2011). Insole effects on impact loading during walking. Ergon, 54(7), 665-671.
- Crowell, H.P., Davis, I.S. (2011). Gait retraining to reduce lower extremity loading in runners. Clin Biomech, 26(1), 78-83.
- Crowe, A., Samson, M. M., Hoitsma, M. & Van Ginkel, A. A. (1996). The influence of walking speed on parameters of gait symmetry determined from ground reaction forces. Hum Mov Sci, 15, 347-367.
- De Wit, B., De Clercq, & Lenoir, M. (1995). The effect of varying midsole hardness on impact forces and foot motion during foot contact in running. J Appl Biomech, 11, 395-406.
- Dekel, & Weissman, S. L. (1978). Joint changes after overuse and peak overloading of rabbit knees in vivo. Acta Orthop Scand, 49, 519-528.
- Detrembleur, & Van den Hecke, A. (2000). Motion of the body centre of gravity as a summary indicator of the mechanics of human pathological gait. Gait and Posture, 12, 243-250.
- De Vita, & Bates, B. T. (1988). Biomechanics XI. Shoe evaluation methodology for ground reaction force data, Amsterdam.
- Dixon, S. J., Waterworth, C., Smith, C. & House, C. M. (2003). Biomechanical analysis of running in military boots with new and degraded insoles. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(3), 472-479.
- Doutrellot, P. L., Durlent, V., Lagersie, M., Chavet, P., Gaviria, M., Peruchon, E. (1997). Measure de la force vertical dáppui au cours de la marche: étude comparative entre plateforme dynamométrique et système portable à multicapteurs plantaires. Ann Réadaptation Méd Phys, 40, 37-42.
- Eberhart, H. D., Inman, V. & Bresler, B. (1951). The pincipal elements in hman locomotion Human Limbs and their substitutes. New York: Harper.
- Elftman, H. (1939). The force exerted by the ground in walking. Arbeitsphysiologie, 10, 485-491.
- Elftman, H. (1951). The basic pattern of human locomotion. Ann NY Acad Sc, 51, 1207.
- Folman, Y., Wosk, A., Voloshin, & Liberty, S. (1986). Cyclic impacts on heel strike: a possible biomechanical factor in the etiology of degenerative disease of the human locomotor system. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 104, 363-365.
- Folman, Y., Wosk, J., Shabat, & Gepstein, R. (2004). Attenuation of spinal transients at heel strike using viscoelastic heel insoles: an in vivo study. Prev Med, 39(2), 351-354.
- Forner, A., García, A. C., Alcántara, & Ramiro, J. (1995). Properties of Shoe Insert Materials Related to Shock Wave Transmission During Gait. Foot & Ankle Int, 16(12), 778-786.
- Frederick, E. C. (1983). Measuring the effects of shoes and surfaces on the economy locomotion. In B. M. Nigg & A. M. Kerr (Eds.), Biomechanical aspects of sports shoes and playing surfaces (pp. 93-106). Calgary: University Printing.
- Frederick, E. C., Hagy, J. & Mann, R. A. (1981). Perdicting vertical impact force in running. J Biomech, 14(7), 498-502.
- Gage, J. (1990). An overview of normal walking. Instr Course Lect, 39, 291-303.
- García, A. C., Brizuela, G., Dura, J. V., Ferrandis, & Forner, A. (1994). XII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports. Influence of ankle stabilizers on shock absorption and performance in running and jumping, Chicago.
- García, A. C., Vicente Durá, J., Ramiro, J., Victor Hoyos, & Vera, P. (1994). Dynamic study of Insole Materials Simulating Real Loads. Foot & Ankle Int, 15(6), 311-323.
- Gefen, A., Megido-Ravid, & Itzchak, Y. (2001). In vivo biomechanical behavior of the human heel pad during the stance phase of gait. Technical note. J Biomech, 34, 1661-1665.
- Gerritsen, K., Van der Bogert, & Nigg, B. M. (1995). Direct dynamics simulation of the impact phase in heel-toe running. J Biomech (28), 661-668.
- Giakas, & Baltzopoulos, V. (1997). Time and frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces during walking: an investigation of variability and symmetry. Gait and Posture (5), 189-197.
- Gill, H. & O´Connor, J. J. (2003). Heelstrike and the pathomechanics of osteoarthrosis: a simulation study. J Biomech(36), 1617-1624.
- Goble, D. J., Marino, G. & Potvin, J. R. (2003). The Influence of Horizontal Velocity on Interlimb Symmetry in Normal Walking. Hum Mov Sci, 22, 271-283.
- Gottschall, J. & Kram, R. (2005). Ground reaction forces during downhill and uphill running. J Biomech, 38, 445-452.
- Gritzka, T. L., Fry, L. R., Cheesman, R. & LaVigne, A. (1973). Deterioration of articular cartilage caused by continous compression ni a moving rabbit joint. J Bone Joint Surg, 55-A, 1698-1720.
- Hagen, M., Henning, E. & Stieldorf, P. (2011). Lower and upper extremity load in nordic walking in comparison with walking and running. J Appl Biomech, 27(1), 22-31.
- Hamill, J. (1996). Proceedings of the XVIV ISBS Symposium, 1996. Evaluating sport shoes using ground reaction force data, Chicago.
- Hamill, J. (1999). Fourth Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. Evaluation of shock attenuation, Canmore.
- Hawes, D., Light, L. & Repond, E. (1979). Modelling the distortion produced by heel strike transients in soft tissue. J Physiol, 296, 10-11.
- Hettinga, B. A., Stefanyshin, D., Fairburn, J. & Worobets, J. T. (2005). The 7th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. Biomechanical effects of hiking on a non-uniform surface, Cleveland.
- House, C. M., Waterworth, C., Allsopp, A., & Dixon, S., J. (2002). The influence of simulated nwear upon the ability of insoles to reduce peak pressures during running when wearing military boots. Gait and Posture, 297-303.
- Hreljac, & Marshall, R. N. (1999). Fourth Symposium of the Technical Group on Footwear Biomechanics. Paper presented at the The effect of varying midsole hardness on force attenuation and rearfoot movement during running: a meta-analysis, Canmore.
- Hull, M. L., Brewer, & Hawkins, D. (1995). A New Force Plate Design Incorporating Octagonal Strain Rings. J Appl Biomech, 11, 311-321.
- Hunt, M.A., Hinman, R.S., Metcalf, B.R., Limb, B.W., Wrigley, T.V., Bowles, K.A., Kemp, & Bennell, K.L. (2010). Quadriceps strength is not related to gait impact loading in knee osteoarthritis. Knee, 17(4), 296-302.
- Iatridis, J., Setton, L. A., Weidenbaum, & V.C., M. (1997). The viscoelastic behavior of the non-degenerate human lumbar nucleus pulposus in shear. J Biomech, 30(10), 1005-1013.
- IBV. (1997). Dinascan/IBV. Manual de Usuario. Versión 8.0: Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia.
- Iida, & Yamamuro, T. (1987). Kinetic analysis of the center of gravity of the human body in normal and pathological gaits. J Biomech, 20(10), 987-995.
- Inman, V., Ralston, & Todd, F. (1981). Human Walking. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
- Inman, V. T. (1966). Human Locomotion. Canad Med Ass J, 94, 1047-1053.
- Jefferson, R. J., Collins, J. J., Whittle, M. W., Radin, E. & O´Connor, J. (1990). The role of the quadriceps in controlling impulsive forces around heel strike. Proc Instn Mech Engrs, 204, 21-28.
- Johnson, G. R. (1988). The effectiveness of shock-absorbing insoles during normal walking. Prosthet Orthot Int, 12(2), 91-95.
- Johnson, G. R. (1990). Measurement of shock acceleration during walking and running using the Shock Meter. Clin Biomech, 5, 47-50.
- Jorgensen, & Bojsen-Moller, F. (1989). Shock absobency of factors in the shoe/heel interaction - with special focus on role of the heel pad. Foot & Ankle Int 9(11), 294-299.
- Jorgensen, & Ekstrand, J. (1988). Significance of heel pad confinement for the shock absorption at heel strike. Int J Spots Med, 9, 468-473.
- Keller, T. S., Weisberger, A. M., Ray, J. L., Hasan, S. S., Shiavi, R. & Spengler, D. M. (1996). Relationship between vertical ground reaction force and speed during walking, slow jogging, and running. Clin Biomech (11), 253-259.
- Kinoshita, H., Bates, B. & DeVita, P. (1985). Biomehanics IX-A. Paper presented at the Intertrial variability for selected running gait parameters, Champaign, Illinois.
- Kirtley, C. (2006). Clinical gait analysis. Theory and practice. Elsevier.
- Lafortune, M. & Henning, E. M. (1992). Cushioning properties of footwear during walking: accelerometer and force platform measurements. Clin Biomech, 7, 181-184.
- Lafortune, M. A., Lake, & Hennig, E. M. (1996). Differential shock transmission response of the human body to impact severity and lower limb posture. J Biomech, 29(12), 1531-1537.
- Lake, & Greenhalgh, A. (2005). The 7th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. Paper presented at the Impact shock measurements during running: correction for angular motion of the shank is necessary, Cleveland.
- Lamoreux, L. (1985). Gait Analysis in Theory and Practice. Proceedings of the 1985 Uppsala Gait Analysis Meeting. Paper presented at the Measurement and Analysis of Ground Reaction Forces, Uppsala.
- Lanshammar, & Strandberg, L. (1983). Horizontal Floor Reaction Forces and Heel Movements During the Initial Stance Phase. In H. a. K. Matsui, K. (Ed.), Biomechanics, VIII-B. International series of biomechanics, Volume 4B (Vol. 4B, pp. 1123 - 1128): Human Kinetics Publisher, Inc,. Box 5076. Champaign, Illinois 61820.
- Lebiedowska, M.K., Wente, T.M. & Dufour, M. (2009). The influence of foot position on body dynamics. J Biomech, 42(6), 762-766.
- Lee, K.-K., Lafortune, M. & Valiant, G. (2005). The 7th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. Paper presented at the Effect of running shoes on mechanics of overground and treadmill running, Cleveland.
- Lees, & McCullagh, P. J. (1984). Preliminary investigation into the shock absorbency of running shoes and shoe inserts. J Hum Mov Stud, 10, 95-106.
- Light, L. H. (1979). Potential implications of heel strike transients. J Physiol, 292, 31-32.
- Light, L. H., MacLellan, G. & Klenerman, L. (1980). Skeletal transients on heel strike in normal walking with different footwear. J Biomech, 13, 477-480.
- Liu, & Nigg, B. M. (2000). A mechanical model to determine the influence of masses and mass distribution on the impact force during running. J Biomech, 33, 219-224.
- Luethi, S., & Stacoff, A. (1987). The Influence of the Shoe on Foot Mechanics in Running. Med of Sport Sci, 25, 72-85.
- MacLellan, G. & Vyvyan, B. (1981). Management of pain beneath the heel and achilles tendonitis with visco elastic heel inserts. Brit J of Sports Med, 15(2), 117-121.
- Martin, P. & Marsh, A. P. (1992). Step length and frequency effects on ground reaction forces during walking. Technical note. J Biomech, 25(10), 1237-1239.
- McCrory, J. L., White, S. & Lifeso, R. M. (2001). Vertical ground reaction forces: objective measures of gait following hip arthroplasty. Gait and Posture, 14, 104-109.
- Mercer, J. & Vance, J. (2002). Spring-boots can reduce impact in runners. Biomech, 15, 35-42.
- Michel, K. J., Kleindienst, F. & Krabbe, B. (2005). The 7h Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. The effect of different midsole hardness on kinematic and kinetic data during running influenced by varying bodyweight, Cleveland.
- Munro, C. F., Miller, D. & Fuglevand, A. J. (1987). Ground Reaction Forces in running: a reexamination. J Biomech, 20(2), 147-155.
- Murray, M. P., Kory, R. C., Clarkson, B. & Sepic, S. B. (1966). Comparison of free and fast speed walking patterns of normal men. Amer J Phys Med, 45(1), 8-24.
- Nester, C. J., Van der Linden, M. & Bowker, P. (2003). Effect of foot orthoses on the kinematics and kinetics of normal walking gait. Gait and Posture, 17, 180-187.
- Nigg, B. (1983). International Symposium on Biomechanical Aspects of Sport Shoes and Playing Surfaces. External force measurements with sport shoe and playing surfaces, Calgary.
- Nigg, B., Cole, & Bruggemann, P. (1995). Impact forces during heel-toe running. J Appl Biomech, 11, 407-432.
- Nigg, B., Herzog, & Read, L. (1988). Effect of viscoelastic shoe insoles on vertical impact forces in heel-toe running. Am J Sports Med, 16(1), 70-78.
- Nigg, B. M. (1987). Biomechanical aspects of playing surfaces. J Sports Sci, 5(2), 117-145.
- Nigg, B. M., Luethi, S. M., Denoth, & Stacoff, A. (1983). Proceedings of the Eigth International Congress of Biomechanics, Nagoya, Japan.
- Nilsson, & Thorstensson, A. (1989). Ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and running. Acta Physiol Scand, 2(136), 217-227.
- Pelker, R. & Saha, S. (1983). Stress wave propagation in bone. J Biomech, 16(7), 481-489.
- Perry, J. (1992). Gait Analysis. Normal and Pathological Function. Yorba Linda, CA.: Slack incorporated.
- Plas, F., Viel, & Blanc, Y. (1996). La marcha humana. Paris: Masson.
- Pratt, D. J., Rees, P. & Rodgers, C. (1986). Assessment of some shock absorbing insoles (technical note). Prosth Orth Int, 10, 43-45.
- Radin, E. L., Ehrlich, M. G., Chernack, R., Abernethy, P., Paul, I. & Rose, R. M. (1978). Effect of Repetitive Impulsive Loading on the Knee Joints of Rabbits. Clin Orth Rel Res (131), 288-293.
- Radin, E. L., Orr, R. B., Kelman, J. L., Paul, I. & Rose, R. M. (1982). Effect of prolonged walking on concrete on the knees of sheep. J Biomech, 15(7), 487-492.
- Radin, E. L., Paul, I. & Rose, R. M. (1972). Role of mechanical factors in the pathogenesis of primary osteoarthritis Lancet, 2, 519-522.
- Radin, E. L., Yang, K. H., Riegger, C., Kish, V. & O´Connor, J. (1991). Relationship between lower limb dynamics and knee joint paint. J Ortho Res, 9, 398-405.
- Ratcliffe, R. & Holt, K. G. (1997). Low frequency shock absorption in human walking. Gait and Posture, 5, 93-100.
- Redfern, M. S., Cham, R., Gielo-Perzack, K., Grönqvist, R., Hirvonen, M., Lanshammar, H. (2001). Biomechanics of slips. Ergon, 44, 1138-1166.
- Riegger-Krugh, C. (1997, September 24-27). Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics. Paper presented at the Repetitive impulsive loading: correlation of force plate and observational assessment, Clemson University, South Carolina.
- Riegger-Krugh, C. (1998). Combined Sections Meeting of the APTA. Paper presented at the Can forcefulness of heel landing during gait be assessed by observation, BostonRieggerKrugh, C. (1999). Poor shock absorption may contribute to OA. Biomech (June), 33-35.
- Rööser, B., Ekbladh, R. & Lidgren, L. (1988). The shock-absorbing effect of soles and insoles. Int Orth, 12, 335-338.
- Salathé, E. P. & Arangio, G. A. (1990). The foot as a shock absorber. J Biomech, 23(7), 655-659.
- San Tsung, B. Y., Zhang, M., Fuk Tat Mat, A. & Wan Nar Wong, M. (2004). Effectiveness of insoles on plantar pressure redistribution. J Rehab Res Develop, 41(6A), 767-774.
- Sánchez Lacuesta, J. J., J.M., P. P., Hoyos Fuentes, J. V., Viosca Herreo, E., Soler Gracia, C., Comín Clavijo, M. (1999). Biomecánica de la Marcha Humana y Patológica (1 ed.). Valencia: Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia (IBV).
- Scott, S. H. & Winter, D. (1989). Internal forces at chronic running injury sites. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 22(3), 357-369.
- Serink, M. T., Nachemson, A. & Hansson, G. (1977). The Effect of Impact Loading on Rabbit Knee Joints. Acta Orthop Scand, 48, 250-262.
- Shiba, N., Kitaoka, H. B., Cahalan, T. D. & Chao, E. Y. (1995). Shock-absorbing effect of shoe insert materials commonly used in management of lower extremity disorders. Clin Ortho Rel Res (310), 130-136.
- Shorten, M. R. & Winslow, D. S. (1992). Spectral Analysis of Impact Shock During Running. Int J Sport Biomech (8), 288-304.
- Simon, S. R., Paul, I., Mansour, J., Munro, M., Abernethy, P. & Radin, E. (1981). Peak dynamic force in human gait. J Biomech, 14, 817-822.
- Simon, S. R., Radin, E. L., Paul, I. L. & Rose, R. M. (1972). The response of joints to impact loading II. In vivo behavior of subchondral bone. J Biomech, 5, 267-272.
- Smeathers, J. E. (1989). Transient vibrations caused by heel strike. Proc Instn Mech Engrs, 203(4), 181-186.
- Stacoff, A., Diezi, C., Luder, G., Stüsi, E. & Krames-de Quervain, I. A. (2005). Ground reaction forces on stairs: effects of stair inclination and age. Gait and Posture (21), 24-38.
- Sutherland, D. H., Olshen, R. A., Biden, E. N. & Wyatt, M. P. (1988). The development of mature walking. Philadelphia: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Ltd.
- Swigart, J. F., Erdman, A. G. & Cain, P. J. (1993). An energy based method for testing cushioning durability of running shoes. J Appl Biomech, 9, 27-46.
- Tesio, L., Lanzi, D. & Detrembleur, C. (1998). The 3-D motion of the centre of gravity of the human body during level walking. I. Normal subjects at low and intermediate walking speeds. Clin Biomech, 13(2), 77-82.
- Vaughan, C. L., Davis, B. & O´Connor, J. (1992). Dynamics of Human Gait. Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics.
- Verbitsky, O., Mizrahi, J., Voloshin, A., Treiger, J. & Isakov, E. (1998). Shock Transmission and Fatigue in Human Running. J Appl Biomech, 14, 300-311.
- Verdini, F., Leo, T., Fioretti, S., Benedetti, M. G., Catani, F. & Giannini, S. (2000). Analysis of ground reaction forces by means of wavelet transform. Clin Biomech, 15, 607-610.
- Viosca Herrero, E. (1993). Estudio biomecá- nico comparativo entre el patrón de marcha humana normal y el amputado tibial.
- Voloshin, A. & Wosk, A. (1982). An In Vivo Study of Low back Pain and Shock Absorption in the Human Locomotor System. J Biomech, 15(1), 21-27.
- Voloshin, A., Wosk, J. & Brull, M. (1981). Force Wave Transmission Through the Human Locomotor System. J Biomech Engin, 103, 48-50.
- Voloshin, A. S. & Wosk, A. (1981). Influence of artificial shock absorbers on human gait. Clin Ortho, 160, 52-56.
- Wakeling, J. M., Liphardt, A. M. & Nigg, B. M. (2003). Muscle activity reduces soft-tissue resonance at heel-strike during walking. J Biomech (36), 1761-1769.
- Wakeling, J. M., Tscharner, V. V., Nigg, B. M. & Stergiou, P. (2001). Muscle activity in the leg is tuned is response to ground reaction forces. J Appl Physiol (91), 1307-1317.
- Wang, C. L., Shau, Y. W., Hsu, T. C., Chen, H. C. & Chien, S. H. (1999). Mechanical properties of heel pads reconstructed with flaps. J Bone Joint Surg, 81 -B (2), 207-211.
- White, S. C., Tucker, C. A., Brangaccio, J. A. & Lin, H. Y. (1996). Relation of vertical ground reaction forces to walking speed. Gait and Posture, 4(2), 206.
- White, S. C., Yack, H. J., Tucker, C. A. & Lin, H. Y. (1998). Comparison of vertical ground reaction forces during overground and treadmill walking. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30(10), 1537-1542.
- Whittle, M. W. (1997). Force Platform Measurement of the Heelstrike Transient in normal walking. Gait and Posture, 5, 173 174.
- Whittle, M. W. (1999). Generation and attenuation of transient impulsive forces beneath the foot: a review. Gait and Posture (10), 264-275.
- Whittle, M. W. (2003). Gait Analysis. An introduction: Butterworth - Heinemann - Elsevier.
- Whittle, M. W. & Williams, C. D. (1994, August 18-20). Reliability of force platform data in the estimation of insole shock attenuation. Paper presented at the Proceedings, Eitgth Biennial Conference, Canadian Society for Biomechanics,, Calgary.
- Williams, K. R. (1993). Biomechanics of distance running. In M. D. Grabiner (Ed.), Current issues in biomechanics (pp. 3-31). Leeds: Human Kinetics Publishers (Europe) Ltd.
- Windle, C. M., Gregory, S. M. & Dixon, S. J. (1999). The shock attenuation characteristics of four different insoles when worn in a military boot during running and marching. Gait and Posture (9), 31-37.
- Winter, D. (1979). A new definition of mechanical work done in human movement. J Appl Physiol, 46, 79-83.
- Winter, D. (1991). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement. (Third edition ed.). Waterlo: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Withnall, R., Eastaugh, J. & Freemantle, N. (2006). Do shock absorbing insoles in recruits undertaking high levels of physical activity reduce lower limb injury?. A randomized controlled trial. J Royal Soc Med, 99(1), 32-37.
- Woodard, C. M., James, M. K. & Messier, S. P. (1999). Computational Methods Used in the Determination of Loading Rate: Experimental and Clinical Implications. J Appl Biomech, 15, 404-417.
- Wosk, A. & Voloshin, A. (1985). Low Back Pain: Conservative Treatment with Artificial Shock Absorbers. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 66, 145-148.
- Wosk, J. & Voloshin, A. (1981). Wave attenuation in skeletons of young healthy persons. J Biomech, 14(4), 261-267.
- Wright, I. C., Neptune, R. R., van den Bogert, A. J. & Nigg, B. M. (1998). Passive regulation of impact forces in heel-toe running. Clin Biomech(13), 521-531.
- Wright, I. C., Neptune, R. R., van den Bogert, A. J. & Nigg, B. M. (1999). The influence of foot positioning on ankle sprains. J Biomech, 33, 513-519.
- Yves Blanc, G. A., Michele Esnault, J.-M. C., Serge Mesure, E.-M. L., Pélissier, J., Pennecot, G. F., Christine Tardieu, F. P. (2002). La marcha humana, la carrera y el salto (1 ed.). Paris: Masson.