A missing tool to achieve the UN 2030 agenda goal n.8a proposal for a regulatory framework at a federal level regarding worker

  1. Arana-Landin, Sofía 12
  1. 1 Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
    info

    Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea

    Lejona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/000xsnr85

  2. 2 Environmental Law Institute
    info

    Environmental Law Institute

    Washington, Estados Unidos

    ROR https://ror.org/01bt01h96

Revista:
CIRIEC - España. Revista de economía pública, social y cooperativa

ISSN: 0213-8093

Año de publicación: 2020

Número: 99

Páginas: 89-117

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.7203/CIRIEC-E.99.15779 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: CIRIEC - España. Revista de economía pública, social y cooperativa

Resumen

Worldwide interest and support for worker cooperatives at all levels, from global to local are increasing. The 2030 UN Agenda, Goal 8 aims to promote “sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all”. Even so, worker cooperatives are still rare in the United States.Unfortunately, as there is no comprehensive regulatory framework for worker cooperatives in the USA or a minimum legislation covering their concept at a federal level, the study is conducted through the judicial interpretation of sections 1381 through 1388 in subchapter T to the Internal Revenue Code. Nonetheless, a clear pattern and conclusions can be deducted out of it. The obsolete, partial, incomplete and inadequate regulation calls for a revision as it hinders potential worker cooperatives from getting the strength and resilience they need.This paper seeks to explore the reasons for this relative neglect, looking at a) the meaning of worker cooperatives at a federal level in the US, b) their possible separate regulation and federal/States competence issues, and c) possible ways of promoting worker cooperatives through US tax law complying with the 2030 UN agenda.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • ABELL, H. (2014): Worker cooperatives: pathways to scale, The Democracy Collaborative, Washing-ton, D.C., https://democracycollaborative.org/content/worker-cooperatives-pathways-scale.
  • ALPEROVITZ, G. (2017): Principles of a Pluralistic Commonwealth, The Democracy Collaborative, Washington, D.C.
  • ARANA LANDIN, S. (2020): “Social Economy as the means to help achieve the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 14”, Sustainibility, 12.
  • ARTZ, G.M. & KIM, Y. (2011): “Business Ownership by workers: are worker cooperatives a viable option?”, Iowa-state University Working Papers, Working Paper 11020.
  • BORZAGA, C. & DEFOURNY, J. (eds.) (2001): The Emergence of Social Enterprise, ed. Routledge, London.
  • BORZAGA, C. & TORTIA, E.C. (2017): “Cooperation as coordination mechanism: A new approach to the economics of cooperative enterprises”. In: J. Michie, J.R. Blasi & C. Borzaga (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of mutual, cooperative, and co-owned business, (pp. 55-75), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • BRETOS, I., DÍAZ-FONCEA, M. & MARCUELLO, C. (2018): “Cooperativas e internacionalización: un análisis de las 300 mayores cooperativas del mundo”, CIRIEC-España, Revista de Economía Pública, Social y Cooperativa, 92, 5-37. DOI: 10.7203/CIRIEC-E.92.11480.
  • CECOP (2012): Social Cooperatives and Social and Participative Enterprises (CECOP-CICOPA), Brussels. CHAVES, R. & MONZÓN, J.L. (2018): “La economía social ante los paradigmas económicos emergentes: innovación social, economía colaborativa, economía circular, responsabilidad social empresarial, economía del bien común, empresa social y economía solidaria”, CIRIEC-España, Revista de Economía Pública, Social y Cooperativa, 93, 5-50, DOI: 10.7203/CIRIEC-E.93.12901.
  • CHAVES, R. (2008): “Public policies and Social Economy in Spain and Europe”, CIRIEC-España, Revista de Economía Pública, Social y Cooperativa, 62, Special Issue, 35-60.
  • CHAVES-ÁVILA, R. & GALLEGO-BONO, J.R. (2020): “Transformative policies for the Social and Solidarity Economy: the new generation of public policies fostering the Social Economy in order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. The European and Spanish Cases”, Sustainability, n.12, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104059. CORNFORTH, M. (1959): Philosophy for Socialists, London: Lawrence & Wishart.
  • DELLER, S., HOYT, A., HUETH, B., SUNDARAM-STUKEL, R. (2009): Research on the economic impact of cooperatives, University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives, vol.231, 232-3.
  • DEMOCRACY AT WORK INSTITUTE (DAWI) (2017): State of Worker Cooperatives in the U.S. 2017. Available at https://institute.coop/resources/2017-worker-cooperative-state-sector-report.
  • DISTEFANO, R. & KAHN J.S. (2019): “Market Trends: Employee Stock Ownership Plans”. Retrieved from https://www.lexisnexis.com/lexis-practice-advisor/the-journal/b/lpa/posts/market-trends-employee-stock-ownership-plans.
  • ELLERMAN, D. (1984): Workers’cooperatives: the question of legal structure in Worker cooperatives in America, University of California Press, Los Angeles.
  • ELLERMAN, D. (1985): “ESOPs and CO-OPs: ‘Worker Capitalism & Worker Democracy’”, Labor Research Review, Vol. 1: No. 6, Article 5.
  • ELLERMAN, D. (1990): The Democratic Worker-Owned Firm: A new Model for the East and West, Routledge.
  • ELLERMAN, D. (2005): “Translatio versus Concessio: Retrieving the Debate about Contracts of Alienation with an Application to Today’s Employment Contract”, Politics & Society, 33: 449-80, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329205278463.
  • ELLERMAN, D. (2017): “Worker Cooperatives as Based on First Principles”, JEOD, 5(1): 20-32. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5947/jeod.2016.002
  • ERRASTI, Á. (2015): “Mondragon’s Chinese Subsidiaries: Coopitalist Multinationals in Practice”, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 36, 479-99.
  • ESIM, S. & KATAJAMAKI, W. (2017): “Rediscovering Worker Cooperatives in a changing World of Work”, IUSLabor.
  • FREEMAN S. (2007): “Effects of ESOP adoption and employee ownership: Thirty years of research and experience”, Centre for Organizational Dynamics, University of Pennsylvania, Working Paper Number 07-01, 1-33, available online at: http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=od-working-papers.
  • GUTNECHT, D. (2011): “More on new co-op laws”, Encap articles.
  • HANSMANN, H. (1996): The ownership of enterprise, Cambridge, MA: The Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • HANSMANN, H. (1999): “Cooperative firms in theory and practice”, The Finnish Journal of Business Economics, 4, 387-403.
  • HANSMANN, H. (2013): All firms are cooperatives – and so are governments, JEOD, 2(2): 1-10, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5947/jeod.2013.007.
  • HOFFMANN, E. (2006): “The ironic value of loyalty: Dispute resolution strategies in worker cooperatives and conventional organizations”, Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 17, 163-177.
  • HUERTAS NOBLE, C. (2016): “Worker-owned and unionized worker-owned cooperatives: two tools to address income inequality”, Clinical Law Review, 22 (2).
  • ILO (2014): Job preservation through worker cooperatives, retrieved form the following link: https://www. ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---actrav/documents/publication/wcms_312039.pdf.
  • ILO and ICA (2016): Cooperatives and the Sustainable Development Goals: a Contribution to the Post-2015 Development Debate, Accessed on 04/05/19 and retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1247ilo.pdf.
  • JENSEN, A. (2017): “The 1980s Worker Co-operative Buyout Experience in Australia. Learning from Praxis”, JEOD, 5(1), 54-78. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5947/jeod.2016.004. Available Online: https:// www.euricse.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/4.-Jensen.pdf.
  • JI, M. (2020): “Business Conversion to Employee Ownership in the US: ESOPS and Worker Cooperative Conversion”, can be found in Researchgate, Feb 2020. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339416536.
  • KASMIR, S. (2015): “The Mondragon Cooperatives and Global Capitalism: A Critical Analysis”, New Labor Forum, 25(1), 52-59. DOI: https:doi.org/10.1177/1095796015620424.
  • KENNELLY, J.J. & ODEKON, M. (2016): “Worker Cooperatives in the United States”, Redux, Labor and Society, 19(2).
  • KRUSE, D., FREEMAN, R., BLASI, J. (2010): Shared capitalism at Work: Employee ownership, profit and gain sharing, and broad-based stock options, Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press.
  • KURTULUS, F.A. & KRUSE, D.L. (2017): How Did Employee Ownership Firms Weather the Last Two Recessions?, Employee Ownership, Employment Stability and Firm survival:1999-2011, Upjohn Institute, Michigan.
  • LÓPEZ, J.L. (2019): “La promoción de empleos verdes y decentes a través de cooperativas”, Boletín de la Asociación Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, 54, 115-129.
  • MALLESON, T. (2014): “Rawls, PropertyOwning Democracy and Democratic Socialism”, Journal of social Philosophy, 45(2) 228-251.
  • MOZAS, A. (2019): Contribución de las Cooperativas Agrarias al Cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. En Especial Referencia al Sector Oleícola, CIRIEC-España editorial, Valencia.
  • MURRAY, C. (2011): “Co-op Survival Rates in British Columbia”, in Summary of Reports by the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export in Quebec: Survival Rate of Co-operatives in Quebec.
  • NATIONAL COOPERATIVE BUSINESS ASSOCIATION (2005): Annual Report: http://ncba.coop/ about-us/annual-reports2005.
  • NATIONAL LIAISON COMMITTEE FOR MUTUAL COOPERATIVE AND ASSOCIATION ACTIVITIES, Social Economy Charter, CIRIEC, 2005; https://www.eesc.europa.eu/resources/docs/qe-30-12- 790-en-c.pdf.
  • NESS I. (2013): Worker cooperatives in the United States: A historical perspective and Contemporary Assessment, at http://www.workerscontrol.net/authors/worker-cooperatives-united-states-historical-perspective-and-contemporary-assessment.
  • NESS, I. (2011): Ours to master and to own: workers control from the commune to present, New York, ed.Azzelini.
  • NYSSENS, M. (2006) (ed.): Social Enterprise: At the Crossroads of Market, Public Policies and Civil Society, Routledge, Abington. OLSEN, E.K. (2013): “The Relative Survival of Worker Cooperatives and Barriers to Their Creation”, in Douglas Kruse (ed.), Sharing Ownership, Profits, and Decision-Making in the 21st Century (Advances in the Economic Analysis of Participatory & Labor-Managed Firms, Volume 14), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 83-107.
  • OSTROM, E. (1990): Governing the commons. The evolution of institutions for collective action, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • PEREIRA MORAIS, L. & BACIC, M.J. (2006): “Social and Solidarity Economy as a tool for territorial development and socio-occupational inclusion”, CIRIEC working papers, 2017/06, 1-28.
  • RODRÍGUEZ, L. (2017): “El desarrollo de las ONG de México y su coincidencia con los Objetivos para el Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas”, CIRIEC-España, Revista de Economía Pública, Social y Cooperativa, 91, 59-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7203/CIRIEC-E.91.8879.
  • ROTHSCHILD, J. (2009): “Workers’ Cooperative and Social Enterprise: A forgotten route to Social Equity and Democracy”, 52 Am Behavioral Scientist, 1023-1025.
  • SALAMON L.M. & HADDOCK, M.A. (2015): “SDGs and NPIs in Private Institutions, the Foot Soldiers for the UN Sustainable Development Goals”, John Hopkins Center For Civil Society Studies, Working Paper n.25, Baltimore.
  • SCHWEICKART, D. (2002): After Capitalism (New Critical Theory), Westview Pr., Chicago.
  • TIANGA, K. “As Boomers Retire, Mom-and-Pop Businesses Convert to Co-ops to Save Jobs”, 26 May 2016. Retrieved from https://www.yesmagazine.org/new-economy/as-boomers-retire-mom-andpop-businesses-convert-to-co-ops-to-save-jobs-20160526.
  • TORTIA, E.C. (2018): “The Firm as a Common. Non-Divided Ownership, Patrimonial Stability and Longevity of Co-Operative Enterprises”, Sustainability 10(4), 1023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ su10041023.
  • UN General Assembly (2015): Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1,UN General Assembly: Geneva, Switzerland.
  • VANEK, J. (1975): Self-Management: Economic Liberation of Man, Penguin, Harmondsworth. UNRISD (2016): “Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy through public policy”, UNRISD Flagship Report, ed UNRISD, Geneva, Switzerland, 115-139.
  • VANEK, J. (1977): The Labor-Managed Economy: Essays by Jaroslav Vanek, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • VIETA M. (2015): Workers’ buyouts, Document available online at: https://www.academia. edu/26040435/Workers_Buyout?auto=download.
  • VIETA M., QUARTER J., SPEAR R., MUSKOVSKAYA A. (2016): Worker co-operatives as participatory organizations, in D. Horton Smith, C. Rochester, R.A. Stebbins, eds., Palgrave Handbook on volunteering and non-profit associations, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, UK.