Intention to return of Spanish emigrant population and associated psychosocial factors

  1. Elgorriaga Astondoa, Edurne
  2. Izaskun Ibabe
  3. Ainara Arnoso
Journal:
International Journal of Social Psychology, Revista de Psicología Social

ISSN: 0213-4748,  1579-3680

Year of publication: 2020

Volume: 35

Issue: 2

Pages: 413-440

Type: Article

DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2020.1732104 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

More publications in: International Journal of Social Psychology, Revista de Psicología Social

Abstract

This study examines whether social-labour conditions improved for Spanish people after emigrating and if these conditions are similar in Germany and England, as well as psychological adjustment and mental health. It also explores whether there are the factors predicting the intention to return to Spain. The sample consists of 529 Spanish people who emigrated to England (291) or Germany (238) for work reasons. The results indicate that after emigration, their social-labour situation improved, although people who migrated to Germany face greater difficulties. Psychological adjustment and mental health was acceptable and similar in both countries. The intention to return before emigrating and the youngest age of emigrants predict the intention of post-immigration return. In addition, in Germany the return is associated with a negative assessment of the job situation and low identification with Germany, while in England it is associated with a low orientation towards English culture and a high orientation towards Spanish culture

Bibliographic References

  • Abraído-Lanza, A. F. , Dohrenwend, B. P. , Ng-Mak, D. S. , & Turner, B. (1999). The Latino mortality paradox: A test of the “salmon bias” and healthy migrant hypotheses. American Journal of Public Health , 89, 1543–1548. doi:10.2105/AJPH.89.10.1543 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Aguila, E. , Escarce, J. , Leng, M. , & Morales, L. (2013). Health status and behavioral risk factors in older adult Mexicans and Mexican immigrants to the United States. Journal of Aging and Health , 25, 136–158. doi:10.1177/0898264312468155 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Atienza, F. L. , Pons, D. , Balaguer, I. , & García-Merita, M. (2000). Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de satisfacción con la vida en adolescentes. Psicothema , 12, 314–319. [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Bergami, M. , & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000). Self‐categorization, affective commitment and group self‐esteem as distinct aspects of social identity in the organization. British Journal of Social Psychology , 39, 555–577. doi:10.1348/014466600164633 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Journal of Applied Psychology: an International Review , 46, 5–68. [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Berry, J. W. , & Sam, D. L. (1996). Acculturation and adaptation. In J. W.Berry, M. H.Senegall, & C.Kagitçibasi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology. Social behaviour and application (pp. 291–326). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. [Google Scholar].
  • Blanco, A. , & Díaz, D. (2005). El bienestar social: Su concepto y medición. Psicothema , 17, 580–587. [Google Scholar].
  • Caro, R. , & Fernández, M. (2015). Perfiles y características de los nuevos emigrantes españoles. Informe OBIMID . Madrid: Observatorio Iberoamericano sobre Movilidad Humana, Migraciones y Desarrollo, Universidad Pontificia de Comillas. [Google Scholar].
  • Cassarino, J. P. (2004). Theorising return migration: The conceptual approach to return migrants. International Journal on Multicultural Societies , 6(2), 253–279. [Google Scholar].
  • Cohen, S. , Kamarck, T. , & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 24, 385–396. doi:10.2307/2136404 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Constant, A. , & Massey, D. S. (2002). Return migration by German guest-workers: Neoclassical versus new economic theories. International Migration , 40, 5–34. doi:10.1111/imig.2002.40.issue-4 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Díaz, C. J. , Koning, S. M. , & Martínez-Donate, A. P. (2016). Moving beyond Salmon bias: Mexican return migration and health selection. Demography , 53, 2005–2030. doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0526-2 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Diener, E. , Emmons, R. A. , Larsen, J. L. , & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment , 49, 71–75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Domingo, A. , & Blanes, A. (2016). La nueva emigración española: ¿una generación perdida? Panorama Social , 23, 157–178. [Google Scholar].
  • Duleep, H. O. (1994). Social security and the emigration of immigrants. Social Security Bulletin , 57, 37–52. [PubMed], [Google Scholar].
  • Elgorriaga, E. , Arnoso, A. , & Ibabe, I. (2020). Condiciones socio-laborales e integración social de mujeres y hombres españoles en Alemania e Inglaterra. REIS , 170, 55–72. [Google Scholar].
  • Elgorriaga, E. , Ibabe, I. , & Arnoso, A. (2016). Españoles que emigran a países de la Unión Europea: Predictores de su ajuste psicológico. Revista de Psicología Social , 31, 332–351. doi:10.1080/02134748.2016.1143178 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar].
  • Elgorriaga, E. , Ibabe, I. , & Arnoso, A. (2019). Mental health of Spanish immigrants in Germany and the UK in comparison to non-immigrants and migration protective factors. Psychosocial Intervention , 28, 19–27. doi:10.5093/pi2018a16 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Friberg, J. H. (2012). The stages of migration. From going abroad to settling down: Post-accession Polish migrant workers in Norway. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies , 38, 1589–1605. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2012.711055 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • García, A. S. (2013). Return to sender? A comparative analysis of immigrant communities in “attrition through enforcement” destinations. Ethnic and Racial Studies , 36, 1849–1870. doi:10.1080/01419870.2012.692801 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • García-Pereiro, T. , & Biscione, A. (2016). Return migration in Albania: The profiles o returnees. Rivista Italiana di Economia, Demografia e Statistica , 70(2), 141–152. [Google Scholar].
  • Gobierno de España . (2019). Plan de Retorno a España. Un país para volver . Retrieved from https://unpaisparavolver.es/pdfs/plan-retorno-espana.pdf [Google Scholar].
  • Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire . London: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar].
  • González-Enríquez, C. , & Martínez, J. P. (2017). La emigración española cualificada tras la crisis. Una comparación con la Italiana, Griega y Portuguesa. Migraciones , 43, 117–145. [Google Scholar].
  • Groenenwold, W. G. F. , y de Valk, H. A. G. (2017). Acculturation style, transnational behaviour, and return-migration intentions of the Turkish second generation: Exploring linkages. Demographic Research , 37, 1707–1734. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.53 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Heckathorn, D. D. (2011). Snowball versus respondent-driven sampling. Sociological Methodology , 41, 355–366. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9531.2011.01244.x [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadística) . (2019). Cifras de Población (CP) a 1 de enero de 2019. Estadísticas de Migraciones (EM). Año 2019 . Retrieved from http://www.ine.es/prensa/cp_e2019_p.pdf [Google Scholar].
  • Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly , 61, 121–140. doi:10.2307/2787065 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Lobo, A. , Pérez-Echevarría, M. J. , & Artal, J. (1986). Validity of the scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) in a Spanish population. Psychological Medicine , 16, 135–140. doi:10.1017/S0033291700002579 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Markides, K. S. , & Coreil, J. (1986). The health of hispanics in the southwestern United States An epidemiologic paradox. Public Health Reports , 101, 253–265. [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Massey, D. , & Redstone, I. (2006). Immigrant intentions and mobility in a global economy: The attitudes and behavior of recently arrived U.S. immigrants. Social Science Quarterly , 87, 954–971. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00410.x [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • OECD . (2018). International migration outlook 2018 . Paris: Author. doi:10.1787/migr_outlook-2018-en [Crossref], [Google Scholar].
  • Portes, A. , Guarnizo, L. , & Landolt, P. (1999). The study of transnationalism pitfalls and promise of an emergent research field. Ethnic and Racial Studies , 22, 217–237. doi:10.1080/014198799329468 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Razum, O. , Sahin-Hodoglugil, N. N. , & Polit, K. (2005). Health, wealth or family ties? Why Turkish work migrants return from Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies , 31, 719–739. doi:10.1080/13691830500109894 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Remor, E. , & Carrobles, J. A. (2001). Versión Española de la Escala de Estrés Percibido (PSS-14): Estudio psicométrico en una muestra VIH+. Ansiedad y Estrés , 7, 195–201. [Google Scholar].
  • Romero-Valiente, J. M. (2018). Causas de la emigración española actual: La “movilidad exterior” y la incidencia de la crisis económica. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles , 76, 303–328. doi:10.21138/bage.2524 [Crossref], [Google Scholar].
  • Sander, M. (2007). Return migration and the “Healthy immigrant effect”. SOEPpaper , 60, 1–39. [Google Scholar].
  • Sjastaad, L. A. (1963). The costs and returns of human migration. Journal of Political Economy , 70, 80–93. doi:10.1086/258726 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Stark, O. (1991). The migration of labor . Cambridge: Basil Blackwell. [Google Scholar].
  • Tartakovsky, E. , Patrakov, E. , & Nikulina, M. (2016). Motivational goals, group identifications, and psycholocial adjustment of returning migrants: The case of Jews returning to Russia. International Journal of Psychology , 52, 78–86. doi:10.1002/ijop.12291 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Ullman, S. H. , Goldman, N. , & Massey, D. S. (2011). Healthier before they migrate, less healthy when they return? The health of returned migrants in Mexico. Social Science and Medicine , 73, 421–4288. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.037 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar].
  • Vallejo-Martín, M. (2017). Una aproximación al síndrome de burnout y las características laborales de emigrantes españoles en países europeos. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones , 33, 137–145. doi:10.1016/j.rpto.2017.02.001 [Crossref], [Google Scholar].
  • Ward, C. , Bochner, S. , & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock . Hove: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
Data source: Dialnet