Esposizione prenatale ad alcol e aumento della propensione al consumo in fasi evolutive successive: studi su animali

  1. Chotro, M. Gabriela 1
  2. Arias, Carlos 1
  3. Laviola, Giovanni 2
  1. 1 Facoltà di Psicologia, Università del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spagna
  2. 2 Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italia
Journal:
Rapporti ISTISAN
  1. Mancinelli, R. (ed. lit.)
  2. Laviola, G. (ed. lit.)

ISSN: 1123-3117

Year of publication: 2008

Volume: 08

Issue: 37

Pages: 119-132

Type: Article

More publications in: Rapporti ISTISAN

Abstract

Nei primi anni Settanta, i risultati di diversi studi clinici hanno indicato una maggioreprevalenza dell’alcolismo tra i genitori dei bambini iperattivi, e un maggior numero di casi diabuso di alcol nei soggetti adulti che avevano sofferto di disturbi da iperattività durantel’infanzia (1-3). Benché venisse preso in considerazione anche il possibile ruolo di fattoriambientali quali l’esposizione ad alcol durante la gestazione, per lo più questi dati venivanointerpretati facendo l’ipotesi di una trasmissione genetica di tali “disturbi psichiatrici” (4). Acausa dell’impossibilità di isolare e analizzare le interazioni tra i diversi fattori coinvolti nelladeterminazione delle conseguenze dell’esposizione prenatale ad alcol nell’ambito di uno studioclinico, ci si è allora rivolti con particolare interesse alla sperimentazione animale. La presenterassegna è dedicata soprattutto alle ricerche che si sono occupate di valutare gli effettidell’esposizione in gravidanza sul successivo consumo spontaneo di alcol da parte della prole.Il primo lavoro importante in questo senso, pubblicato da Bond e DiGiusto (5), mostrava chei figli di femmine di ratto cui era stato somministrato etanolo nel corso della gravidanza eranomaggiormente attivi e assumevano spontaneamente maggiori quantità di questa sostanzarispetto ai soggetti di controllo. Tali risultati, così come quelli degli studi clinici da cui si erapartiti, resero necessario domandarsi se fosse l’iperattività a predisporre all’abuso di alcol o se,viceversa, fosse l’esposizione prenatale ad alcol a predisporre sia all’alcolismo in età adulta siaall’iperattività. Benché le conclusioni di questo primo studio non disconoscessero il ruolodell’interazione tra fattori genetici, familiari e sociali, esse evidenziavano chiaramentel’importanza degli effetti esercitati sull’iperattività e sul consumo di alcol dall’esposizione aquesta sostanza nel corso dello sviluppo fetale.Le ricerche, soprattutto di tipo teratologico, si sono da allora in poi susseguite e hannoampiamente confermato queste prime osservazioni, in differenti ceppi di ratto e di topo,utilizzando differenti soluzioni (etanolo, birra, vino) somministrate per periodi gestazionali piùo meno prolungati, e misurandone gli effetti in età infantile come in età adolescenziale e in etàadulta; nell’ultimo decennio, si sono dedicate anche a comprendere che cosa il feto apprendasull’etanolo in seguito all’esposizione.

Funding information

Supporto finanziario: grant MEC (SEJ2005-02495/PSIC) e grant Governo basco (IT-276-07) a M.G.C.; postdoctoral fellowships MEC e CONICET a C.A.

Funders

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